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Ítaca - FEEDING BABY BIRDS
Mother birds always love their babies unconditionally. They spend a lot of time to take care of their babies and keep them safe as much as possible.
Also, they don’t discriminate to their babies in terms of feeding them.
Then there is a question among bird lovers. How do mother birds feed their babies? The answer is that most mother birds eat food and then regurgitate it for the babies. They often feed their babies insects so that they can get more protein and grow healthy.
And that’s why we will provide you some necessary information so that you will be able to know how mother birds feed their babies. This writing is also our loving dedication to our beautiful feathered friends.
Baby birds always depend on their parents to eat food. In this case, a mother bird usually digests the food and then puts that food into the babies’ mouth. The babies always open their mouth wide and screech for the food when they are hungry.
However, the feeding method may be different, depending on the species. But every time the baby bird, which screeches louder, usually gets more food than others.
If the baby bird gapes its mouth strongly, then the parent can feed it easily, and the baby will be able to swallow much larger items.
How Do Mother Birds Ensure Which One Needs More Food?
Sometimes each baby bird doesn’t get an equal amount of food. Perhaps it may be sick or is unable to show the parent that it needs food.
In most cases, the other siblings are bigger and stronger. They can shove their other nestmates to get the food.
You may find various species of birds that have a variety of behaviors and sibling competition. So, it is tough to be sure entirely about birds.
Indeed, the mother bird has enough memory to know which one has immediately got food or even, which has not got the food for a while.
Besides, the one which is hungrier screech louder, and the mother usually put the food into the loudest screecher’s mouth.
Again, mother birds observe their babies well. The one which is swallowing silently, putting the food in the gullet, doesn’t get food in that particular time.
Most Mother Birds Provide Protein-Laden Food
Every mother bird usually feeds their babies many different things depending on their species.
Some perching birds like sparrows and finches eat seeds, nuts, and berries. But they feed their young babies insects because young birds need more protein than are found in the adult’s diet.
Songbirds often feed their babies almost 4 to 12 times an hour. They mostly provide the baby birds protein-laden insects and worms to make sure that they will be healthy.
Some Mother Birds Changes Food Habit
Some parent birds that usually eat seeds, such as finches, cardinals, and sparrows, switch to insects during the breeding season.
Generally, the mothers eat the smaller insects themselves and take the larger ones back to the nest for the babies. So, they can carry more food to their ever-hungry offsprings.
Before feeding the babies, the parents hit the insect against the tree-branch or the ground. They kill the insect and soften the hard shell.
Sometimes, the parents chew the insect, and then break up the exoskeleton to make it edible for the baby birds.
Some Mother Birds Feed Substantial Milk to Their Babies
Some birds produce a substance similar to mammal milk. Pigeons are the best-known producers of crop milk, and both sexes produce it.
Crop milk produced by sloughing of special cells in the crop is very nutritious. Even pigeon milk has more fat and protein than that of cow or human.
For the first few days after hatching, crop milk is the only food that the mother bird provides to the baby birds.
Both parents feed crop milk for a couple of weeks.
As the babies get older, it gets seeds with the milk. When they are gradually getting older, they get more seed rather than less milk.
Some Mother Birds Feed Their Babies Differently
Some parents, such as pigeons and doves, feed their babies by using different styles and techniques. They usually squeak and tap their beak against the baby birds’ beak to feed the food. The babies stick their beak down the parent’s throat and suck up to food of the crop.
Most of the songbirds do not have an actual crop, which is essentially a sack capable of holding a large amount of food. The baby birds which don’t have a crop can only hold a small amount of food at a time. They must be fed almost every 20 minutes from sunrise to sunset.
On the other hand, pigeons and doves can hold a large amount of food, which passes slowly through the digestive system. Even the youngest baby pigeon or dove can be fed no more than every couple of hours.
Some Mother Birds Feed Their Babies at Night
Most birds sleep and rest at night.
But, some birds specialize at the nocturnal activities. Nocturnal birds are in the minority, but there are plenty of genus and species of nocturnal birds.
For example, most owls hunt at night and are inactive during the day. Also, nighthawks kill insects in flight at night.
Besides, some swifts kill airborne insects at night. Bitterns and night herons are nocturnal. But most night herons are not.
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Adult burgomaster, Kolguev Island, July 2015. Photo by Yulia Mikhnevich.
Kolguev Island in the middle of the Barents Sea, early July, on the banks of the Peschanka River, six grown-up chicks of white-fronted geese ( Anser albifrons ) are grazing, parents are not visible nearby.
A large gull looks out from the air for prey. The shadow covered the goslings, and they ran to escape to the water, but it was inconvenient to run, the wings were still small, they could not serve as a balancer, the paws were webbed, and there were bumps and curtains all around, one gosling stumbles, falls, somersaults, gets up, runs again and manages to jump into saving water. But the seagull sits on the water, swims after the goslings diving here and there, but catches only bubbles. And here is luck! - one gosling is caught. The seagull collected its tribute.
For this, she was nicknamed the burgomaster ( Larus hyperboreus ). These gulls settle in bird markets, geese colonies and take tribute from birds in the form of eggs and chicks, take prey from other gulls and auks (this phenomenon is called kleptoparasitism). Burgomasters destroy nests, catch ducklings and goslings, and in general all those who can be overcome and caught (for example, rodents, adult birds like kittiwakes, guillemots, little auks).
Burgomasters do not know pity. There is a known case when one seagull swallowed a whole brood of duck-tailed duck ( Clangula hyemalis ) on Ellesmere Island in Canada. The seagull forced the ducklings to dive into the pond to exhaustion. When the next duckling lay helplessly on the surface, the seagull grabbed it and then continued its hunt. On Kolguev, in addition to the case already described, I regularly had to observe how burgomasters grabbed small geese and swallowed them on the fly, in older and larger geese, gulls pecked out internal organs, sometimes only the liver. Sometimes at the same time the gosling remained alive for some time. Sad sight!
Burgomasters use different hunting strategies depending on the type of prey, the situation, and the presence of wind. In the colonies of guillemots on the rocks, the gull can search for eggs and chicks, walking between the nests on foot, it can grab adult murres on the nest by the tail or wing, swoop down on them, frightening them from the nest.
The presence of wind improves maneuverability, helps to avoid the attack of defending guillemots and deftly grab prey. Little auks (Alle alle) are hunted by the gull from ambush or pursue adults and young flying out of the colony, or walk along the scree in search of poorly hidden eggs. Dense fog and wind favor the gulls lurking in ambush.
Burgomasters also accompany arctic foxes or people, waiting for an opportunity to get eggs or chicks of hens they have frightened away. On Kolguev, burgomasters regularly accompanied us, researchers: as soon as you sit down to have a bite, they circle overhead, however, unsuccessfully, they never got anything. Another thing is if we accidentally frighten the goose from the nest on the route or during the counting of goose nests. Unfortunately, no matter how hard we tried to cover the laying with goose down, the clever seagulls remembered the place and dragged away the eggs.
Burgomasters engage in predation when potential feathered or furry prey is plentiful.
But in general they, like other large gulls, are omnivores. They catch fish by diving for it to a depth of one or two meters; fish accumulations are found by the presence of other sea birds, beluga whales or seals on the water. They also feed on various marine invertebrates, algae, sea debris, carrion (they can accompany polar bears in search of it), they can eat berries (shiksha, cloudberries), and willingly feed in landfills.
The burgomaster often swallows its prey whole, including rodents, eggs, chicks and medium-sized adult birds. Before swallowing prey, it can toss it up to swallow more comfortably (for example, chicks from the head), they can swallow prey right on the fly. Large prey, which cannot be swallowed, pecks with its powerful, hook-shaped beak. Undigested food residues (wool, bones, scales, feathers) are regurgitated in the form of a compressed lump - pellets, like owls and falconiformes.
Burgomaster is one of the largest gulls, it is comparable in size to a goose: body length 62–68 cm, wingspan 150–165 cm, weight 1–2.
2 kg, males are somewhat larger than females. Only the sea gull (Larus marinus) is larger - its body length reaches 65–80 cm, wingspan 150–165 cm, weight 1–2.2 kg. Despite their large size and ferocious disposition, burgomasters have enemies. Adult gulls are hunted by gyrfalcon, sometimes peregrine falcon, red fox, arctic fox, polar bear and grizzly bear. Chicks, in addition to the above animals, can be hunted by their own fellow burgomasters (sometimes) and sea gulls. Eggs can be obtained by different types of gulls, crows, skuas. The burgomaster evades the attack of the peregrine falcon and gyrfalcon by turning his belly up and stretching his legs; he attacks land-based predators with his feet.
An impressive bird, after all, it was not for nothing that the Pomors gave it such a name. But the Norwegian naturalist Johan Ernst Gunnerus, who described the species in 1767, adhered to a different principle. He gave the bird the specific epithet hyperboreus, which is translated from Latin as “northern” (and the Greek hyperboreoi was the name given to the inhabitants of the mythical northern country of Hyperborea) and reflects the circumpolar distribution of these birds - they live in the northern mainland tundras of Eurasia and North America and on the Arctic islands (which is and Kolguev).
By the way, the Norwegian name of the burgomaster polarmåke says about the same thing - it is translated as "polar gull".
The English name of the burgomaster - glaucous gull - is translated as "gray gull". For the breeding plumage of a bird is white with a light-gray mantle - this is how a wide dark (relative to white plumage) strip on the wings and back is called in gulls. In winter, the color is the same, but with light brown streaks on the head and neck. The burgomaster's legs are pink, which distinguishes him from the eastern clovers, or chaley (Larus fuscus heuglini), which is also found on Kolguev. The halei has yellow legs, and the mantle is darker than that of the burgomaster.
Burgomasters are distinguished not only by their formidable disposition and predatory intentions, but also by their solidarity. These gulls are monogamous and create pairs for life (or until the death of one of the partners), both partners collect material for the nest and build it, alternately incubate the clutch and feed the chicks.
True, this is also characteristic of other gulls of the genus Larus.
Pair of burgomasters guarding the nest. Kolguev Island, 2015. Photo by Yulia Mikhnevich.
The members of the pair reunite every year at the nesting site, which remains the same from year to year (this is called philopatry: from the Greek philopatria - "love of the fatherland"). A courtship ritual begins, which is similar to that of other large gulls and includes long cries, bill tossing, feeding of the female by the male. After observing all the ceremonies, the male and female mate. Burgomasters begin to nest with the appearance of the first thawed patches, in May; if the snow melts late, then later. They nest in separate pairs or sparse colonies up to several tens of pairs in the coastal strip, a few kilometers from the sea or its bays. On Kolguev they nest both on the coast and in the central regions of the island, although in smaller numbers, individual pairs or small colonies are evenly distributed throughout the entire island.
Nests are built on cliffs along the banks of large rivers, lake islands, on the hills of watersheds, as well as on the roofs of wooden beam houses scattered across the tundra in anticipation of reindeer herders or tireless explorers. I was on Kolguev twice, and both times burgomasters nested on the roof of a neighboring house. Taking advantage of the good neighborhood, we climbed onto the roof to inspect and ring the chicks. And parents actually fearlessly protect their offspring from predators, dive on people, sometimes strike with their feet, wings and beak. In order not to suffer, I recommend holding a stick over your head - the seagulls will attack it and will not pierce your skull. Burgomasters drive away from the nesting territory and relatives, if they approach the center of the territory closer than 50–100 meters, pursue both in the air and on the ground.
The researcher assesses the health of the chick, and the parent is indignant about this disgrace.
Thank you for not daring to attack, limited yourself to vocalization. Kolguev Island, 2012. Photo by Yulia Mikhnevich.
Nests are built by both members of the pair - from sedge, algae and other material; The bird discards the brought material from the beak, lays down on the chest, pushes the material behind with its feet. As a result, a nesting bowl is formed. Part of the material is added during incubation, this is such a ritual - the partner does not return to the nest with an empty beak. If the next year the seagulls return to the same nest, it is completed, and over the years a sickly bunch is formed, a whole mound. The clutch contains one or three eggs of pale, ocher, light brown color with brown, brown and gray spots of various shapes and sizes. Egg sizes are 74–85 by 48–63 mm. The eggs lie in the nest without bedding.
Burgomaster's nest on the ground. Kolguev Island, 2012. Photo by Yulia Mikhnevich.
The partners incubate the clutch alternately for 27–28 days, from the first egg.
Chicks hatch sighted, covered with gray fluff, with black spots on their heads, sit in the nest only in the first hours after hatching, and then leave it and are somewhere nearby. After hatching, the parents immediately remove the shell from the nest so that it does not attract predators with the whiteness of its inner shell.
Newly hatched burgomaster chicks. Please note that the clutch consisted of four eggs, this is a rarity. Kolguev Island, July 2, 2012. Photo by Yulia Mikhnevich.
Parents carry food for chicks in crop and then regurgitate, feed 4-6 times a day. Small chicks stimulate food regurgitation by pecking at a red spot on the parent's mandible, and older chicks additionally shake their heads and make plaintive cries, begging for food - no one can resist a vocal attack! Juveniles begin to fly at the age of 45-50 days, after leaving the nest, young and adults stay together for some time, parents still feed the young. Later, adults separate from the young and fly away for the winter before them, while the young, having huddled in flocks, roam in the breeding areas until late autumn.
Parent and juveniles have already begun to grow back feathers. Kolguev Island, July 25, 2015. Photo by Yulia Mikhnevich.
The young burgomaster acquires the color of an adult individual only by the fourth year. The same happens with most gulls living in the Arctic, for example, with the well-known herring gull (Larus argentatus) and the already mentioned sea gull. But there are also species in which the young acquire an adult outfit by the age of two or three. Seagulls molt twice a year - in summer and winter, at the end of summer they acquire a winter outfit, and at the end of winter - summer. Almost every outfit of a young individual has its own characteristics. Therefore, it is quite difficult to distinguish young gulls of different species from each other; it is better to use special determinants. Yes, and determining the age of seagulls is also not so simple. Let's discuss what young burgomasters of different ages look like. The gray speckled downy outfit of the chicks is replaced by a nesting or juvenile one when the feathers grow and the down falls out.
The seagull at this time looks like coffee with milk, the light parts alternate with brown ones. There is a brownish-black spot at the anterior corner of the eye. As the brown tips of the feathers wear out, the color lightens.
Young gull in nesting or juvenile plumage. Photo © Jose Marques from
allaboutbirds.org
In August-September, the young gull molts, acquiring the first winter outfit. It differs from the nesting one in a lighter head and throat, the dark coloration on other parts of the body also brightens. Then in February, the seagull molts again and changes into the first summer outfit, it is little different from the worn out first winter outfit. The back of the neck and upper back are almost devoid of longitudinal stripes, they are monochromatic light brown, brown feathers are preserved on the wings. The second winter outfit is white with a fawn tint, with a longitudinal light brown pattern on the head, back of the neck, on the back and belly.
In the second summer attire, gray feathers first appear between the shoulder blades, on the feathers of the shoulder and forearm. The head, neck and chest are white, the back of the neck, and the belly are mottled. The third winter outfit differs from the second winter one by darker flight feathers (these are those on the wings), from the second summer outfit - by the absence of bluish tones on the upper side of the body. The third summer outfit is a white head and underbody, a light-gray mantle and brownish-fawn flight feathers and upper wing coverts. In the fourth winter attire, the seagull already looks like an adult, for the first time by winter, gray feathers appear on the mantle. The head at the same time, as we remember, with longitudinal streaks. And the fourth summer outfit gives us a burgomaster of a typical color - snow-white with a gray mantle.
Attire of burgomasters, in the bottom row from left to right are: nesting outfit, first winter, second winter, adult summer and adult winter.
Figure from L. Svensson, 2009. Collins bird guide
In young gulls, in addition to plumage, the color of the beak also changes over time. They are born with a dark gray-pink beak with a pink tip, by the juvenile outfit, two-thirds of the beak is already pink, and the tip of the beak is black. By the first winter, a small pale area appears at the tip of the beak; by the second winter, a yellow color begins to appear at the base of the beak; by the third winter, the black tip of the beak turns into a small dark spot. An adult burgomaster has a yellow beak, with an orange-red spot on the mandible and a whitish tip of the mandible. In addition, young birds have dark brown eyes. By the second winter, the iris turns pale, in adults it is pale yellow and has a yellow or golden orbital ring (the colored unfeathered ring around the eye).
So, by the age of four, the burgomaster acquires the color of an adult bird, and reaches sexual maturity at the age of 4–6 years. Prior to this, the bird roams, including in the nesting area.
Burgomasters live 10–20 years, the maximum age in nature is 22 years. Birds breed annually if food resources are plentiful. On Kolguev, everything is fine with this: thousands of geese (white-fronted, bean goose and barnacle geese) nest on the island, and barnacle geese also increase their numbers every year. True, they protect their chicks better than white-fronted geese - adults surround the chicks and do not offend them, and in general, adult geese are quite aggressive. White-fronted geese can also protect chicks or a nest by driving away a predator, but not always.
Scientists currently distinguish four subspecies of the burgomaster, which differ in the color of the mantle and body size, although the differences are very arbitrary, it seems to be impossible for a non-specialist to distinguish. But on the other hand, it is possible to distinguish between nesting and wintering areas. The nominative subspecies (this is the originally described population, the Latin name of the subspecies coincides with the specific epithet) Larus hyperboreus hyperboreus has a moderately dark mantle.
Birds of this subspecies nest from Svalbard, Jan Mayen and northern Scandinavia to northwestern Siberia. They winter in northern Europe, some birds reach the Mediterranean. L.h. pallidissimus differs from the nominate subspecies in a significantly lighter mantle, larger body size, and beak. This is the largest and lightest subspecies. Breeds in northern Siberia (east of Taimyr), St. Matthew Islands, Alaska, winters from northwest China east to Japan. Birds of the subspecies L. h. barrovianus have the darkest mantle, the body and beak are smaller than those of the nominate subspecies. They breed from Alaska to northwestern Canada, winter from southern Alaska south to the Pacific Northwest, and some birds reach California. The fourth subspecies L. h. leuceretes differs from the nominative one in having a lighter mantle and smaller size. Breeds in Northern Canada, Greenland and Iceland. It winters in the northeastern United States, some individuals reach the south of Florida, Bermuda, New Mexico and Texas.
So, we have already understood that it is difficult to determine the burgomaster (and, to tell the truth, most other gulls) by appearance - here both age must be taken into account, and very conditional differences between subspecies. Now let's add hybrid birds to this. For gulls, hybridization is quite common, hybrids are frequent, viable and prolific. Burgomaster often forms hybrids with herring gulls, they can be found, for example, in winter in Newfoundland and in summer in Iceland, sometimes in Russia, for example, off the coast of Sakhalin. In hybrids, a limited black and white pattern is noticeable on the tips of the wings, occupying a smaller area of plumage than in the herring gull (in the burgomaster, the tips of the wings are white). In Iceland, the glaucous gull nests traditionally, and the herring gull began nesting here at 19Since the 1920s, hybridization of the two species has been very active. The vocalization and behavior of the two species differ little, so nothing prevents them from forming pairs and breeding successfully.
A hybrid of burgomaster and herring gull. The beak and overall coloration is that of an adult burgomaster, the tips of the wings are black, like that of a herring gull. The bird has already begun to molt into its winter outfit - brown streaks are visible on the head and chest. Aniva Bay (Southern Sakhalin), September 29, 2013. Photo by D.V. Korobov from an article by Yu.N. Glushchenko, D.V. Korobov, 2013. Encounter between the hybrid of the Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus and the Herring Gull Larus argentatus s.l. off the southern coast of Sakhalin .
In southeast Alaska, there are hybrids of burgomaster with grey-winged gull (Larus glaucescens). The coloration of the mantle is intermediate between the two species. In Ireland and Newfoundland, hybrids of the burgomaster with the sea gull are also found. In the Western Pacific region, there are hybrids with the Pacific gull (Larus schistisagus). In such individuals, the mantle is much darker than that of the burgomaster.
As we have seen, the burgomaster is very similar to other large gulls. But also different from them. In my opinion, first of all, by a stern appearance: a proud posture, an impudent expression of the “face”, plumage is often in the blood of those in whom he poked with a beak with a sharp hook. Always on guard, always feeling superior. Why not a burgomaster?
The burgomaster is on guard. A stern appearance to a seagull is given by a large slightly angular head, a wide powerful beak with a hook at the end. Kolguev Island, July 2015. Photo by Yulia Mikhnevich.
Author: Yulia Mikhnevich, zoologist, graduate of the Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, science journalist.
Sources:
V. O. Avdanin, J. A. Viksne, V. A. Zubakin, A. A. Kishinsky, N. M. Litvinenko, E. G. Lobkov, V. A. Nechaev, L. V. Firsova, V. E. Flint, K. A. Yudin. Birds of the USSR. Chaikovs // Moscow: Nauka publishing house, 1988.
http://www.egir.ru/birth/91.html
Yu.N. Glushchenko, D.V. Korobov, 2013. Encounter between the hybrid Larus hyperboreus and the herring gull Larus argentatus s.l. off the southern coast of Sakhalin // Russian Ornithological Journal. Volume 22.
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vstrecha-gibrida-burgomistra-larus-hyperboreus-i-serebristoy-chayki-l-argentatus-s-l-u-yuzhnogo-poberezhya-sahalina/viewer
A.V. Kondratiev, P.M. Glazov, E.M. Zainagutdinova, Yu.A. Loshchagin, Yu.A. Anisimov, O.B. Pokrovskaya, 2019. The current state and dynamics of the avifauna of Kolguev Island // Ornithology. Vol. 43, pp. 24–44.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338606861_The_current_state_and_dynamics_of_birds_fauna_of_Kolguev_island_in_Russian
V.A. Paevsky. Etymology of the names of birds of the Palaearctic // Partnership of scientific publications of the KMK. M-SPb. 2018. 289 p.
VC. Ryabitsev. Birds of the Urals, the Urals and Western Siberia.
Reference book // Ekaterinburg: Ural University Press. 2001. 608 p.
R. Sale. A complete guide to Arctic wildlife // Firefly Books. 2012. 664 p.
L. Svensson. Collins bird guide // HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. 2009. 448 p.
F. Vigfúsdóttir, S. Pálsson, A. Ingólfsson, 2008. Hybridization of glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) and herring gull (Larus argentatus) in Iceland: mitochondrial and microsatellite data // Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2008)363, 2851–2860.
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rstb.2008.0042
E. Weiser, H. G. Gilchrist, 2020. Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.glagul.01
How to raise a hunting pheasant in the Leningrad region
Breeding a bird is a troublesome task for a farmer, requiring knowledge, investment and real perseverance.
Is it possible to cope with this alone, without the support of the state? Victoria Arseeva has come a long way: starting with chicken breeding, she became a pheasant breeder. Her story will be useful to those who are just thinking about poultry farming as a business.
Contents
- From parrots to chickens
- From chickens to pheasants
- Baby birds - special care
- Trial and error time
- Get busy!
- If eleven years ago I, a city dweller, had been told that I would live in the village and be engaged in agriculture, I would probably have twisted my finger at my temple. But, as they say, if you want to make God laugh, tell him about your plans. That is exactly what happened to me.
From parrots to chickens
My experience with birds was limited to budgerigars. The husband was born and raised in a village, but he is still closer to men's work - firewood, construction, machinery.
We decided to start with the simplest thing - to get chickens. I read a lot and for a long time about keeping and raising poultry, about different breeds and their features. Thanks to the farmer forum on the fermer.ru portal, I found a lot of useful information there and, importantly, advice from experienced poultry farmers. Despite the complete lack of experience, I wanted to try to raise a bird myself and then get offspring. Therefore, they immediately abandoned the purchase of crosses and decided to start breeding pedigree poultry. During the winter, my husband built a small poultry house with paddocks, since the territory allows. In early spring, we went to Pushkin and bought there three dozen chickens of two breeds - Tsarskoye Selo and Amrox. They chose meat-and-egg ones, so that the egg production was good, and there was something to put in the soup. And, of course, I wanted the chickens to be beautiful.
From chickens to pheasants
Just a couple of months later, my husband found an article on the Internet about breeding hunting pheasants and got excited about this idea.
I liked it too, I love everything beautiful and unusual, and here is such an amazing bird. The second stage of reading literature and studying thematic branches on the forum has begun.
Hunting pheasant is a bird that is raised mainly for meat and for sport hunting. This species is the result of crossing several subspecies of the common pheasant; this breed does not live in the wild. Compared to other breeds, it is undemanding in terms of food, is immune to diseases, tolerates temperature extremes and cold well, and quickly reaches large sizes and large weights.
In captivity, two types of hunting pheasants are commonly raised: the Romanian (the male has an emerald plumage) and the Hungarian (brown-golden with a blue head). Like other birds, males are very bright and colorful - they need to attract females, and females have a faded brown color. Another feature of pheasants is their long thin tail. It is always light brown and covered with dark speckles.
The male weighs about 1.5 kg, and the female is smaller. But these indicators directly depend on the conditions of detention.
For the first pheasants, we went all the way to the Priozersky district, which is almost 300 km one way. While they were growing in the brooder, we set up the first aviary measuring 6x12m, which was then further enlarged. The frame was made of wood, around the perimeter it was covered with a welded mesh with a cell of 50 × 50 mm and, on the advice of experienced pheasant breeders, they dug it thirty centimeters into the ground so that foxes and other predators would not dig. The pheasant is a wild bird, so the enclosure must be covered from above so that the bird does not fly away. It is best to use a nylon net or fishing nets for this, so that the pheasants, when taking off, do not hit the ceiling of the enclosure and are not injured.
Hunting pheasants are unpretentious in keeping, but one individual should have at least two meters of area, so the enclosure should be spacious and at least two meters high: it will be more convenient to look for eggs.
Female pheasants do not nest, but lay eggs throughout the enclosure. So collecting eggs is sometimes like going through an obstacle course thanks to the awnings, shelters, and perches placed in the enclosures. Feeders and drinkers can be used the same as for chickens. It is better to place them under a small roof so that the food does not get wet from rain and snow.
Pheasants have dense plumage, so they are not afraid of cold weather; a warm room for adult birds is not required. We found out that pheasants endure our winter quite well, despite the severe February frosts. The most important thing is to provide them with enough food.
Chicks are a special concern
We feed the birds with a grain mixture of wheat, barley and corn with the addition of PK-6 compound feed, since a high protein content in feed is important for pheasants. In order for the bird to more easily endure the cold and energy from the food received during the short daylight hours, it lasted for a long time, in winter it is highly recommended to give not crushed, but whole corn, which takes longer to digest.
From the beginning of March, we begin to give the bird vitamin supplements and various top dressings to prepare it for the start of the mating season.
The egg-laying period of hunting pheasants, unlike chickens, is seasonal, not year-round, and in the conditions of the Leningrad Region it lasts approximately from mid-April to mid-August. At this time, they lay one or two eggs a day.
We hatch pheasant chicks in an incubator, growing them in heated brooders up to about a month old. In captivity, females very rarely hatch chicks themselves, as they are very shy and, if frightened, often do not return to the nest. In addition, even a few bred babies become easy prey for adult neighbors in the aviary. We had a couple of females who were surprisingly stubbornly sitting on the nest, but as a result we came to the conclusion that this does not make sense, it would be better to lay eggs.
When there is no mating season, all birds can be kept in one spacious aviary, but by the beginning of spring we form families and seat the birds separately.
Now we have five families in the parent flock (about 30 birds). By next year, we expect to double the herd, as we plan to raise about 700 heads.
This season, for various reasons, we started late, so we can reach a figure of about 300 pheasants.
Trial and error time
For four years we have learned from our own and others' mistakes. The most difficult thing is to raise the chicks at least up to a month and then protect the bird when it is already in the aviary. Pheasants are much more demanding on food, especially on the content of protein in it, with its lack, they are prone to cannibalism - they begin to peck at each other. As soon as one of the chicks has a wound, the rest begin to chase him, and the chick dies if you do not have time to transplant it. When the temperature drops, the chicks huddle together and simply trample each other.
Although we have a specially designated insulated room in the poultry house, with our temperature fluctuations from +30° during the day to +14° at night, this turns out to be the biggest problem, even despite the presence of electronic thermostats.It is hot for the chicks during the day, so we try to open the room so that it is ventilated, and the door closed late may result in the loss of several chicks.
Not a single bird has ever fallen ill, after all, pheasants have good immunity and resistance to infections, but it turns out to be much more difficult to keep a bird grown and released into aviaries. Three times we re-imported the bird, we started everything from scratch. The first two years everything went well, and in the third year in the spring, just before the start of the season, a ferret climbed into the aviary and strangled all the birds (there were a little less than two dozen of them then). We were incredibly upset. After recovering a little, we went to the Pskov region to fetch the grown young, brought sixteen more birds and put them in another part of the aviary, which seemed safer to us. Literally a month later, we found them dead too. All winter the aviary was empty, there was no point in buying the bird again and keeping it all winter.
Get busy!
In the spring, the netting on the enclosure was replaced with a finer one, with a cell size of 25×25 mm, and the husband brought a family of pheasants. Then we purchased a hatching egg and hatched the young again. By this time, I decided to develop this direction and began to prepare a business plan for receiving financial support from the Employment Center.
Registered as unemployed and, despite her diploma in commerce and business experience in the past, completed the "Introduction to Entrepreneurship" program, as this is one of the requirements of the program, which in the Leningrad region is called "get busy".
My husband and I's determination to breed pheasants was subjected to another test: three dogs made their way into the enclosure, and the attachment of the net to the posts of the enclosure could not withstand their onslaught. At that time, we had a formed parent flock of 32 birds, of which not a single one remained alive.
Only a small part of the damage was compensated, but there was no turning back - a little less than a month remained before the commission to review the business plan.
My business plan was supported in the employment center and in mid-May they transferred the money with which we purchased incubators, additional brooders for pheasants and material for the construction of enclosures. The farm site is located eight kilometers from our house, just outside the village where my husband is from. He dreamed of building a new house there, I hope this dream will come true soon. Driving past the site, it is already difficult to imagine that once there was a field here. For twenty-odd years, a young forest has grown in this place. But for breeding pheasants, a flat open space is not needed; the birds will be quite comfortable in such an environment.
The new enclosures are planned from a metal profile to reliably protect the birds from any uninvited guests. Based on experience, a nylon mesh was also chosen with a smaller cell size.
