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Does baby food replace bottle


Formula Feeding FAQs: Starting Solids and Milk (for Parents)

Whether you plan to formula feed your baby from the start, want to supplement your breast milk with formula, or are switching from breast milk to formula, you probably have questions.

Here are answers to some common questions about formula feeding.

When Can My Baby Try Solid Foods?


Doctors recommend waiting until your baby is about 6 months old to start solid foods. Some babies may be ready for solids sooner than 6 months, but wait until your baby is at least 4 months old.

Babies who are ready to eat solids foods:

  • are interested in foods (for example, they may watch others eat, reach for food, and open their mouths when food is near)
  • hold up their heads well, and sit up with little or no help
  • don't push food of their mouth (which is a natural tongue reflex that disappears when babies are 4–6 months old)
  • usually weigh twice their birth weight, or close to it

Talk to your doctor about the right time to start solid foods.

How Do I Introduce Solid Foods?

When the time is right, start with a single-grain, iron-fortified baby cereal. Start with 1 or 2 tablespoons of cereal mixed with breast milk, formula, or water. Feed your baby with a small baby spoon. Don’t add cereal to a baby's bottle unless your doctor recommends it.

When your baby gets the hang of eating the first food, introduce other foods from all food groups, such as puréed meats, fruits, vegetables, grains, beans, and yogurt. Wait a few days between introducing new foods to make sure your baby doesn't have an allergic reaction.

You can include foods that are more likely to cause allergies — such as peanuts, eggs, cow’s milk, seafood, nuts, wheat, and soy — among the foods you introduce to your infant. Waiting to start these foods does not prevent food allergies.

Talk to your doctor before giving foods that contain peanuts if your baby has severe eczema or an egg allergy, as these conditions make an allergy to peanuts more likely. Eating peanut-containing foods early on may lower a child’s chances of developing a peanut allergy. But your doctor will need to decide if you can give peanuts to your baby, and the safest way to do it. Usually, this requires allergy tests.

Should We Avoid Some Foods?

Yes, don’t give your baby:

  • foods with added sugars or no-calorie sweeteners
  • high-sodium foods
  • honey until after the first birthday. It can cause botulism in babies.
  • unpasteurized juice, milk, yogurt, or cheese
  • regular cow's milk or soy beverages instead of breast milk or formula before 12 months. It’s OK to offer pasteurized yogurt and cheese.
  • foods that may cause choking, such as hot dogs, raw carrots, grapes, popcorn, and nuts

Always supervise your child when eating. Make sure your child is sitting up in high chair or other safe place.

When Can My Baby Have Cow's Milk?

Before their first birthday, babies still need the nutrients in breast milk or formula. But after that, they’re ready to switch to cow's milk.

Most kids under age 2 should drink whole milk. If a toddler is overweight or there is a family history of obesity, high cholesterol, or heart problems, your doctor might recommend switching to reduced fat (2%) milk.

If your child can’t drink cow’s milk, choose an unsweetened soy beverage fortified with calcium and vitamin D. Other milk alternatives, like almond, oat, rice, or coconut milk, have less protein and may not be fortified.

How Do We Switch to Cow’s Milk?

You can switch your baby from formula to whole milk by replace bottles of formula with bottles — or sippy cups — of milk. By 1 year old, your baby should be eating a variety of solid foods and drinking about 16 to 24 ounces (480–720 milliliters) of milk per day.

When Can I Start Giving My Baby Water and Other Drinks?

In their first 6 months, healthy babies drinking enough formula usually don't need extra water. Once your baby is eating solid foods, you can offer a small amount of water between feedings, up to 4–8 ounces a day.  

Water that has fluoride helps prevent tooth decay. If your water does not have fluoride, talk to your doctor or dentist about fluoride drops.

Do not give juice to babies younger than 12 months. After your child’s first birthday, limit 100% fruit juice to no more than 4 ounces a day. Always serve juice in a cup, not in a bottle. Don’t give your child sugar-sweetened beverages, including soda, juice drinks, sports drinks, and flavored milks.

Reviewed by: Mary L. Gavin, MD

Date reviewed: November 2021

Balancing introducing solids with milk feeds

At around 6 months of age babies need to start having solid foods as well as breastmilk or formula. Find out how to get started with solid foods and what are the best foods to start with.

When to introduce solids?

At 6 months, your baby will still be getting most of their nutrition from breast milk or formula.

As you introduce solid foods, continue feeding with breastmilk or formula until at least 12 months of age.

Start to introduce solid foods at around 6 months of age when:

  • your baby can sit up with support and has good head control
  • your baby starts to show interest in food such as watching and reaching out when they see food

Even though some babies show these signs from an earlier age, continue to offer your baby breastmilk or formula if they appear hungry. This is usually all they need until around 6 months. It’s recommended that you don’t introduce solids before 4 months.

How to introduce solid foods into your baby’s diet

Start feeding your baby solids once a day. Your baby will take only small amounts of solid foods at first. Try one teaspoon at first of pureed vegetable, fruit, or rice cereal in between milk feeds.

From 6 to 9 months continue to give your baby breastmilk or formula first, then try solids after the milk.

From 9 months you can try to give solids first, then breastmilk or formula. This allows for your baby to naturally transition to solids by around 12 months.

At around 8 to 9 months try giving your baby solids as part of breakfast, lunch, and dinner.

Continue breastmilk or formula through the first year of life while foods are being introduced. From around 6 months you can try small amounts of cooled boiled water out of a sippy cup.

Which foods first?

From 6 months of age baby’s first foods should contain iron. Foods that have iron, include:

  • iron-fortified baby cereals
  • meat
  • poultry
  • fish
  • legumes - lentils, beans, or chickpeas

Guidelines recommend that you can introduce foods in any order and at a pace that suits your baby, family, and cultural backgrounds, as long as some foods servings contain iron.

Your baby’s first foods can be smooth, mashed or have soft lumps.

Choose from the 5 food groups.

Vegetables and legumes

Give your baby cooked and pureed:

  • pumpkin
  • sweet potato
  • carrots
  • potato
  • peas
  • broccoli
  • cauliflower
  • zucchini

Over time puree them less so the texture gets lumpier.

Then introduce vegetables that are cooked but not pureed.

Fruit

Give your baby stewed and pureed:

  • apples
  • pears
  • peaches
  • apricots
  • berries

Your baby might also like to try mashed ripe banana.

Gradually introduce pieces of cooked fruit, banana, peach and grated raw apple.

Avoid larger pieces of raw apple; babies can choke on them.

Grains and cereals

Give your baby fortified infant cereals (e.g. rice cereal) to start.

Move to cooked rolled oats, wholegrain breakfast biscuits (Weetbix, Vita Brits) or thick infant cereals.

Don’t add sugar or honey or offer cereals with chocolate or added sugar.

Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, legumes, tofu

Meat, fish, poultry eggs, legumes, tofu should always be pureed when you start introducing solids.

When your baby accepts this, offer them bite size pieces of:

  • chicken
  • minced meat
  • flaked fresh or canned fish (in spring water)
  • mashed tofu
  • mashed legumes
  • scrambled or mashed boiled eggs

Don’t add salt. Also avoid processed meats as they have a lot of salt.

Milk, cheese, yoghurt

Formula should be used only until your baby is 12 months old. Then small amounts of milk can be added to foods like porridge. Breast feeding is recommended to continue until the age of 2 or longer.

Grated cheese is good in mashed vegetables.

Choose yoghurt without added sugar. Add fruit for extra flavour

What drinks should I be giving my baby?

After 12 months of age breastmilk, water (clean tap water or bottled water) and full fat cow’s milk should be the main drinks you offer your baby.

Keep breastfeeding for as long as you and your baby like.

Switch from formula to full fat ordinary cow’s milk after 12 months. Your child doesn’t need toddler milk products. Offer your baby a cup to drink from rather than a bottle. Your one-year-old should be exclusively drinking from a toddler cup.

From about 12 months, you can try rice milk and oat milk (fortified with at least 100mg calcium/100mL) if you want. But these drinks don’t have enough protein and vitamin B12. Your baby will need to have plenty of meat, poultry, fish, eggs, yoghurt, or cheese to make up for what they’re not getting from cow’s milk.

How much should I feed my baby?

Your baby will grow at different rates at different times. Their appetite can vary, even from day to day.

Babies don’t know what to eat but they know how much. Provide wholesome, healthy unprocessed food choices. Take your cue from your baby. Babies tend to turn away or lose interest when they’ve had enough to eat.

Finger foods and self-feeding

By 9 to 12 months, most babies like finger foods. Finger foods are foods they can hold themselves.

Some also like to hold their own spoon at that age. It will be messy! But learning to feed themselves is important.

By 12 months, your baby can eat the same healthy food you serve your family.

Foods to limit or avoid when introducing solids

There are some foods and drinks you should limit or avoid:

  • coffee and tea, herbal drinks are not recommended
  • fruit juice
  • honey until 12 months (to prevent botulism)
  • processed foods
  • raw or runny eggs (bacteria in raw eggs can be harmful to babies)
  • sugar sweetened drinks
  • unpasteurised milks

Low-fat milks are not recommended in the first 2 years of life. Goat’s milk, sheep’s milk, soy milk, coconut milk and almond milk should also be avoided before the age of 2 unless your doctor recommends them.

Avoid small hard foods such as whole nuts and uncooked vegetables until 3 years. These can be choking hazards.

If your family doesn’t use animal products, your baby may need a vitamin B12 supplement. Discuss this with your doctor.

Seek help from your health care professional if you are worried about your baby’s eating or development.

Fruit — give your baby stewed and pureed apples, pears, peaches, apricots and berries, or mashed ripe banana. Gradually introduce pieces of cooked fruit, banana, peach and grated raw apple. Avoid larger pieces of raw apple; babies can choke on them.

Grains and cereals — give your baby fortified infant cereals (e.g. rice cereal) to start. Move to cooked rolled oats, wholegrain breakfast biscuits (Weetbix, Vita Brits) or thick infant cereals. Don’t add sugar or honey and don’t use cereals with chocolate or added sugar.

Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, legumes, tofu — make them pureed at the start. When your baby accepts this, offer them pieces of chicken, minced meat, flaked fresh or canned fish (in spring water), mashed tofu, mashed legumes, scrambled or mashed boiled eggs. Don’t add salt and avoid processed meats as they also have a lot of salts.

Milk, cheese, yoghurt — breast milk or formula should be used for up to 12 months, then small amounts of milk can be added to foods like porridge. Grated cheese is good in mashed vegetables. Choose yoghurt without added sugar. Add fruit for extra flavour.

How much?

Babies grow at different rates at different times. Their appetite can vary even from day to day.

Babies don’t know what to eat but they know how much. Take your cue from your baby. Healthy babies turn away or lose interest when they’ve had enough.

Finger foods and self-feeding

By 9 to 12 months, most babies like finger foods.

Some also like their own spoon at that age. It will be messy, but learning to feed themselves is important.

By 12 months, serve the same healthy food you serve your family, but without hot spices.

Encourage infants to feed themselves.

If you have stopped breastfeeding, switch to ordinary cow’s milk after 12 months. Use a cup rather than a bottle. Limit the amount of cow’s milk to around 500ml per day. Under health professional supervision, you can use full fat rice milk or oat milk with at least 100mg calcium per 100mL if you want, as long as other sources of protein are included (meat, chicken, fish, eggs, legumes or nut butters).

Your child doesn’t need toddler milk products.

If your family doesn’t use animal products, your baby may need a vitamin B12 supplement. Discuss this with your doctor.

Learn more here about the development and quality assurance of healthdirect content.

What and how to wash baby bottles

The body of a small child is only learning to resist the pathogenic microflora of the surrounding world, therefore, in this case, mother's help is indispensable. One of the main tasks of mothers at the stage of breastfeeding is to provide the baby with not only healthy, but also safe food. If the child eats only the breast, then additional measures other than the personal hygiene of the mother are not required, however, if feeding bottles have firmly entered his life, you cannot do without special measures to care for the dishes. nine0003

What to wash with?

Finding baby bottle detergent is easy, as you can find it in most home improvement stores. Choosing the right option is a little more difficult: the purchased product cannot contain fragrances, and dyes must be exclusively natural and approved for use in the food industry. A big plus will be the presence of disinfectants, which significantly increase safety. Many parents are happy to buy options marked "ECO", which are based on natural ingredients. nine0003

Detergent for children's dishes must be completely rinsed off not only with hot, but also with cold water. However, even the most harmless products must be washed off repeatedly with running water.

If parents do not want to leave their money in the pockets of manufacturers of household chemicals, then they can successfully use a popular folk remedy - dry mustard. This brown-yellow powder is completely safe for the human body, so accidentally remaining grains on children's dishes will not harm the baby in any way. nine0003

Dry mustard perfectly removes any dirt and grease from any surface and is very easy to rinse off. True, this tool has a certain drawback - if you take it directly with a sponge, then too much powder sticks and it is simply washed out with water. Ordinary salt shakers with holes that can be found in every home, as well as ready-made gruel in old bottles from household chemicals, will help solve this problem.

Another popular option is soda. Soaking children's dishes in a warm baking soda solution (especially overnight) makes it easy to remove even the most serious stains. nine0003

Laundry soap and homemade soap-based detergent also help keep baby bottles clean, but soap leaves a thin film on the surface of dishes, so rinsing in this case must be very thorough. For the comfort of mother's hands, a little glycerin can be added to detergents from laundry soap. A pleasant aroma to such products gives ordinary lemon juice.

How to wash?

Under no circumstances should you use sponges that clean dishes and cups for the whole family to care for children's dishes. The baby should have its own brushes, brushes and sponges. nine0003

Modern brushes, specially designed for washing "milk" bottles, are very convenient and functional. The bristles in such products are quite elastic, so it cleans the walls of the bottles well and does not scratch their surface. Many brushes are equipped with a soft sponge that perfectly rinses the bottom. Thanks to the suction cup on the bottom, the brush can be installed in a vertical position, thus protecting it from contact with not very clean surfaces.

An important point: no matter how convenient and expensive a baby bottle brush may seem, after a while it inevitably turns into a breeding ground for bacteria. Thorough disinfection (for example, with vinegar) slightly extends the life of the product, but it still needs to be replaced periodically with a new one. nine0003

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Favorite fragrance emphasizes our individuality and charisma. However, in an office environment, this is not always appropriate, because the main rule of business etiquette is not to invade the personal space of others and not disturb the working atmosphere. nine0003

What is better to give a baby after a year - milk or formula?

— Ekaterina Borisovna, feeding a child after a year is no less difficult task than feeding a newborn. Please tell us what a one-year-old child should normally eat and how does the diet of children after a year differ from the diet of their parents?

— The nutrition of a one-year-old child is already quite close to the common table. A child can receive almost the same set of products as an adult: only the method of preparation is different. nine0003

— What is better, milk or formula, for a baby after a year and in general, is it possible to feed a grown child with milk and formula? What diet is considered complete and allows you to completely abandon mother's milk?

— A diet is considered complete if it contains the minimum set of foods required by age every day. By the year, all complementary foods should be introduced, the baby should receive meat or fish, sour-milk products daily. But do not rush with regular milk. When weaning after a year, the child should be offered a milk alternative in the form of a mixture of the following formula - such baby milk is easily digested and does not adversely affect children's digestion. nine0003

— So baby milk will still be on the menu, or will the baby be able to get all the necessary substances from other products?

- Even with a fairly varied diet after a year, children still need an adequate ratio of incoming nutrients, including minerals and vitamins. So, a small child needs five times more iron than an adult. Its need for calcium and phosphorus is also high, but the allowed volume of cottage cheese is only 50 g per day, kefir - 200 g. Such volumes cannot make up for the children's norm per day. nine0003

In addition, for the normal development of the nervous system, a child needs a sufficient intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids a year, the main source of which can be vegetable oils. But the allowed daily norm of oil, for example, sunflower, will not close the child's need for essential fatty acids. For this reason, the usual set of products is not able to provide the growing children's body with everything they need.

- The psychological aspect of formula feeding - is it true that a grown baby needs a bottle just to calm down? nine0057

- Formula is food and extra calories. Of course, the psychological dependence on the bottle for many babies is very high, they demand it at the first sign of anxiety or cannot fall asleep without their favorite treat at night. But it is a mistake to give the baby a bottle only as a means of sedation, as he once received his mother's breast - this is fraught with serious changes in eating behavior. The baby will begin to refuse full meals during the day, getting calories from the mixture. nine0003

— Why can't we switch babies from breastfeeding to whole milk right away, and what are the consequences of this decision?

— The end of breastfeeding is a difficult period in the life of a child and a mother. WHO does not recommend stopping breastfeeding immediately after one year, but if such a decision is nevertheless made, then parents should try to find an alternative. Whole milk does not meet the needs of a one-year-old baby due to a suboptimal ratio of nutrients. For these purposes, an adapted milk formula, designed for the physiological needs of the baby, is better suited. nine0003

Read also
  • how much formula to feed a baby and how to combine formula and complementary foods

Why children under three cannot have milk

  • The structure of milk protein is still too coarse for the delicate epithelium of the baby's digestive tract and difficult to be broken down by enzyme systems.
  • Tolerance to cow's milk protein is formed more often only by the age of 3, and before this period, various allergic manifestations, dyspeptic disorders are possible in response to the introduction of milk into the diet. nine0092
  • The content of calcium and phosphorus in whole milk exceeds the physiological need of the child. Excess calcium is excreted in the stool, often causing constipation. Phosphorus from milk, on the contrary, is absorbed in excess, which creates an additional burden on the urinary system. The kidneys begin to intensively remove excess phosphorus in combination with calcium already received. As a result, the level of calcium in the blood falls, and the baby does not receive the element that is so necessary for growth and development.
  • Increased calcium content in milk reduces the absorption of iron, which provokes the risk of anemia.

It is not recommended to introduce whole milk to feed a child before two or even three years of age. If you want to try it, the recommended safe dose for a one-year-old child is about half a glass. At the age of two, it can be increased to one glass a day.

— And what about cereals with milk? Is whole cow's and goat's milk suitable for making them? nine0057

— At home, it is possible to use whole milk for making cereals, cottage cheese, kefir or yogurt. Thermally processed and curdled protein is easier to digest and does not create additional burden on the digestive tract and kidneys.

If we compare cow's and goat's milk, then preference should be given to goat's.

  • Goat milk fats are presented in small fat globules, which contributes to their easy digestion. Proteins in the stomach curdle and form a tender clot that is more easily digested by the child's immature digestive organs. nine0092
  • Goat milk does not contain the protein alpha-S1-casein, which is often responsible for the development of food allergies.
  • Goat milk contains less lactose for easier digestion and more B vitamins.

Therefore, goat milk and dairy products based on it are more suitable for feeding a child after breastfeeding. Goat milk baby formula, which the child is used to, is perfect for breeding purchased cereals. You can also try to give your baby ready-made milk porridges with goat's milk. nine0003

— How to include a new milk formula in the baby's diet after breastfeeding is over — how much and at what time to feed the baby?

— A product unknown to the baby is always given little by little — half or one teaspoon, gradually bringing it up to the recommended amount over the course of a week. Milk should first be diluted with water in a ratio of one to two.

The nutritional norm of dairy products for children older than one year is from 400 to 600 g per day. It should not be exceeded, since high doses of protein create an additional burden on the digestive organs and kidneys. This rule applies to all dairy products, including cottage cheese. nine0003

Total safe daily intake of dairy products

  • kefir - 200 g
  • yogurt - 200 g
  • cottage cheese - 50 g
  • baby milk (third formula mix) 150-200 g or whole milk 100 g

It is possible to offer a child supplementary food in the form of a mixture or milk in the morning or in the evening as a second dinner, when he has already received all the main dishes of the children's menu by age, since this type of complementary food has not so much energy as nutritional value. Having received the mixture for lunch, the child will most likely refuse the soup or meat dish offered later, which is unacceptable. But before you give milk supplements at bedtime, you should first observe the baby's reaction to a new product for two or three days. nine0003

- Ekaterina Borisovna, let's imagine that breastfeeding ended too soon. How to alternate different complementary foods and formula depending on the age of the child?

— If the child is bottle-fed, then gradually one feeding with formula is replaced by complementary foods in accordance with the schedule. Complementary foods should be started gradually, from 5-10 g, bringing to the daily norm during the week.


Does the mixture interfere with the transition to solid foods? nine0057

— If the child does not like broccoli or mashed meat, is naughty and does not eat some product, then do not rush to give him the mixture instead of unusual food. You should gently but persistently offer the same complementary foods after a while or replace it with a similar one. If a child up to a year receives a variety of complementary foods, he will form the right eating habits, and there will be no problems getting to know “adult” food. Mixture or milk as a delicious addition can be offered only after the main course, but not in place of it. nine0003

— Useful properties of milk are indisputable. But what is the use of milk specifically for children, what nutrients does it contain?

— Milk and lactic acid products are very important for a growing child's body. Milk is rich in calcium and phosphorus, which are involved in the formation of bone tissue. It is well saturated with B vitamins, as well as A, E, D, K, C, PP.

Milk proteins are digested by 96-98%. Amino acids, which are formed as a result of protein cleavage, serve as a building material for all cells of the body, participate in the synthesis of enzymes, hormones, and protective antibodies. The value of milk protein is also determined by the balance of the content of essential amino acids in it. nine0003

— When to give baby cow and goat milk, and when to give “adult” milk? Is "baby" store-bought milk different from "normal" milk?

— The introduction of milk into the baby's diet is acceptable after a year. But the best, in my opinion, is the period from 2 to 3 years. At this age, the risk of getting an adverse reaction of the body is minimal. It is not worth rushing to give whole milk to a child, especially since now there is no shortage of milk substitutes in the form of adapted infant formulas of the third formula. nine0003

The so-called baby milk is presented in a wide range on store shelves. Unlike ordinary milk, the baby product undergoes strict quality control of the raw materials from which it is made. For the production of baby food, milk from ecologically clean areas is used; milk from sick animals is excluded. The fat content of milk for baby food should not exceed 3.5%, and it can be additionally enriched with vitamins and microelements. At all stages of production, enhanced sanitary and hygienic control is carried out. For the disinfection of baby milk, only a method is used that kills all microorganisms, while retaining the maximum amount of useful substances in the product. nine0003

— Why is Formula 3 infant formula good for babies over one year old?

- Even if the child is already old enough and prefers adult foods, you should not completely refuse to supplement with formula. But keep in mind that after a year you can not continue to feed him with a formula that has been used since 6 months of age, since the composition of mixtures of different formulas differs significantly. It is preferable to use specialized milk formulas labeled 12+.

Infant milk formula of the third formula for growth and development, comfortable digestion

  • This is an excellent additional source of protein, vitamins and microelements, unsaturated fatty acids. You can get a full set of these nutrients in the optimal ratio for a child only from a specialized mixture.
  • The adapted mixture, in contrast to whole milk, has a 25-30% reduced amount of protein, while the content of iron is increased. nine0092
  • Calcium and phosphorus levels in whole milk are too high. When preparing a mixture, it is artificially reduced to an optimal level.
  • A toddler between one and three years of age is still very vulnerable, often refusing to eat for objective reasons (for example, when teething or during an illness). During this period, you should not force-feed the child, but it is dangerous to leave him completely without food. Babies usually eat formula well, even if they forgo their main meals. But you can replace regular food with it only if the child is sick. nine0092
  • A bottle of formula can help a mother out if there is no way to feed her baby, for example, on the road or at a party. This does not mean that the mixture will replace the main dish, but it will allow you to hold out for a while until you have the opportunity to eat a full meal.

After breastfeeding is over, infant formula will be a better alternative to breast milk than whole cow's or goat's milk. Such baby milk is well absorbed and rarely causes allergic reactions and digestive disorders. However, as with any other product, allergies may occur. Therefore, artificial nutrition should be introduced carefully, carefully observing the reaction of the body. Goat mixes MAMAKO ® Premium can be recommended for the prevention of food allergies and nutrition of healthy children older than one year.

Many articles have been written about the nutrition of children under one year old, schedules and entire programs for optimizing feeding have been developed. But so much attention is not paid to the nutrition of a child after a year, although this period is no less important than the time of infancy. The child's menu is already approaching the common table, the range of dishes is quite diverse, but dairy products still make up a significant part of the diet. nine0003

When breastfeeding is completed, it is better to use an adapted milk formula of the third formula marked 12+ as milk complementary foods. Goat milk mixture is preferable, as it is better tolerated by children and less likely to cause allergic reactions.

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