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Save or Dump: Can I Feed My Baby This Breast Milk?

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Home » Bottle Feeding Breast Milk » Save or Dump: Can I Feed My Baby This Breast Milk?

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In some scenarios, it’s not always clear whether breast milk is safe to give to your baby or needs to be discarded. Here are the most common “can I feed my baby this breast milk” questions, and answers according to the available guidelines and information.

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My baby didn’t finish a bottle. Can I reuse it and offer the bottle later?

If my baby drank some breast milk but didn’t finish the bottle, can I feed the leftover milk later? 

Yes. You can offer it again within two hours.

Per the CDC, the guideline that we should follow is:

If your baby did not finish the bottle, the leftover breast milk can still be used within two hours after the baby is finished feeding. After 2 hours, leftover breast milk should be discarded.

What’s the reasoning behind this guideline? When your baby begins drinking from a bottle, there will be some bacterial contamination that occurs in the breast milk.

How quickly this will make the breast milk unsafe to consume depends on the room temperature, how long the milk has been stored, and the bacteria present.

As a general guideline (without knowing the individual circumstances of each bottle) the CDC states that offering again within two hours should be safe for consumption. After that, it may not be, and so should be discarded.

If I warmed a bottle and baby didn’t drink from it, can I put it back in the fridge? How long does breast milk last after warming?

If I warmed a bottle of breast milk and my baby didn’t drink any (she went back to sleep), can I put it back in the refrigerator and offer it again?

Yes. You can offer it again within the next two hours.

Per the CDC:

Once breast milk is brought to room temperature or warmed after storing in the refrigerator or freezer, it should be used within 2 hours.

The reasoning here is that bacteria starts to grow more quickly when the milk is warmed.

Can you reheat a bottle of breast milk?

If I’m reusing a bottle within the two hours, should I put it back in the fridge and rewarm it, or just leave it at room temperature?

Either rewarming or leaving it at room temperature is fine – whichever works best for you. Per Kellymom:

If you do save the milk for later use, some mothers re-refrigerate the milk and others leave it at room temperature – no studies have been done, so we don’t know whether one method is preferred. We do know that for any food, refrigeration slows bacteria growth. Milk storage guidelines do not include any warnings against rewarming milk, and many moms rewarm with no issues.

Just be sure to use or discard within two hours of the first warming.

Can I refreeze frozen breast milk?

My milk thawed in a power outage. I’m heartbroken! Can I refreeze it?

This is the worst feeling – I’ve had all my milk thaw due to one of my older kids unplugging my deep freezer.

But unfortunately, you cannot refreeze thawed breast milk, and you need to use it within 24 hours of when it has finished thawing (not from when the power outage started or you took it out of the freezer).

One important thing to note when considering this is that “finished thawing” means that all of the ice crystals are gone. If your breast milk still has ice crystals, it is considered safe to put back in the freezer.

Can I take breast milk out of the fridge and let it come to room temperature?

Can I take my breast milk out of the refrigerator and let it gradually warm up, instead of using a bottle warmer?

Yes, you can. However, there is a time limit on how long you can leave it out.

Again, per the CDC:

Once breast milk is brought to room temperature or warmed after storing in the refrigerator or freezer, it should be used within 2 hours.

So you have two hours once your milk comes to room temperature to feed it to your baby. How long does it take breast milk to come to room temperature when sitting out? I love experiments, so I tested it out.

It took about two hours when I tested it out (room temperature in my Chicago-in-January house was 66 degrees).

How long it will take your breast milk to warm to room temperature will depend on how much milk is in the bottle, what the ambient temperature is, and the composition of the milk. However, I think two hours is a good general guideline.

Can I leave refrigerated breast milk out, and feed it to baby in the middle of the night?

In the past, you’ve recommended letting freshly pumped milk sit out until baby’s first nighttime feeding (within 4-8 hours*). Can I do this with previously refrigerated milk, or does it have to be freshly pumped?

You can, as long as the feeding occurs with four hours – two for it to come to room temperature, and the two that it can sit out according to the CDC guideline discussed above.

So, if your baby goes to bed at 8pm, you take the milk out and go to bed at 11pm, and your baby normally wakes up for a feeding before 3am, that will work fine.

*Note: The guidelines on how long freshly pumped breast milk can be safely left out at room temperature vary. The CDC says 4 hours is the maximum; Kellymom says 4-8, with 3-4 being ideal.

Can I take thawed breast milk out of the fridge and let it come to room temperature?

I’ve weaned from the pump and am feeding my baby from my freezer stash. I want to take some breast milk with me on an outing with my baby. I know I can’t thaw the milk at room temperature. But can I thaw it, and then let previously frozen milk come to room temperature in a my diaper bag before feeding it?

I could not find a clear answer to this question.

There are two parts to the question – a) can I let a bottle of previously frozen milk come to room temperature over time, and b) can I let a bottle of previously frozen breast milk sit out at room temperature until baby is ready to drink it?

We have to answer to the second part of the question from the Department of Health and Human Services:

Once breastmilk is thawed to room temperature or warmed after being in the refrigerator or freezer, use it within 2 hours.

So yes, a bottle of previously frozen breast milk can sit at room temperature for 2 hours.

However, they do not specify how the breast milk must get to room temperature. We know that we can’t thaw milk at room temperature (it needs to be done in the refrigerator or in water), but after it’s thawed, can it sit at room temperature to warm, or does it need to be warmed to room temperature by putting it in a bowl of lukewarm water? I read through a lot of documentation, and was not able to find an answer.

So, if you want to be on the safe side, I would recommend keeping the previously frozen milk cold in a cooler (more options here) and then warming it using one of the methods described here for warming breast milk outside the house.

What “can I feed my baby this breast milk” questions do you have that I missed? Share them in the comments, and I’ll try to find the answer!

Want help putting together the perfect pumping schedule for you that saves your sanity AND your milk supply? Check out the Exclusive Pumping Playbook! Includes cheat sheets for setting up systems and routines to make things easier. Use EPUMP30 for 30% off.

References

  1. Bonyata, Kelly. “Breastmilk Storage & Handling.” https://kellymom.com/bf/pumpingmoms/milkstorage/milkstorage/
  2. Bonyata, Kelly. “My power went out and I have breastmilk in the freezer – Help!” https://kellymom.com/hot-topics/frozen-milk-power-outage/
  3. Bonyata, Kelly. “Reusing Expressing Breast Milk.” https://kellymom.com/bf/pumpingmoms/milkstorage/reusing-expressedmilk/
  4. CDC. “Proper Storage and Preparation of Breast Milk.” https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/recommendations/handling_breastmilk.htm
  5. Department of Health and Human Services. “Pumping and storing breastmilk.” https://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/pumping-and-storing-breastmilk
  6. Englash, Anne, and Simon, Liliana. “ABM Clinical Protocol #8: Human Milk Storage Information for Home Use for Full-Term Infants, Revised 2017. https://abm.memberclicks.net/assets/DOCUMENTS/PROTOCOLS/8-human-milk-storage-protocol-english.pdf

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Tips for Freezing & Refrigerating Breast Milk

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Ages & Stages

Ages & Stages

​​​By: Dina DiMaggio, MD, FAAP

When it comes to breast milk, how you store it depends on how soon you want to use it.

Here are some helpful guidelines for storing your breast milk safely.

  • Before expressing or pumping: Wash your hands and all storage containers thoroughly. Label the date the breast milk was expressed on each container and include your child's name if you are giving the milk to a child care provider. Talk with your child care provider about how they require breast milk be stored and labeled.

  • Store breast milk in small batches. 2 to 4 ounces is recommended to prevent waste. Any remaining breast milk left in a bottle after your baby is finished with a feeding should be used within 2 hours, or, if quickly refrigerated, used for the next feeding. You can always thaw an extra container if needed.

  • Refrigerate or chill milk right after it is expressed. Freshly expressed milk can remain at room temperature (up to 77°F or 25°C) for 4 hours (or up to 6 to 8 hours if very cleanly expressed), but it is best to chill as soon as possible.

  • Breast milk can be placed in the back of the refrigerator (39°F or 4°C). It is best to use refrigerated breast milk within 4 days, but it can be refrigerated for up to 8 days.

  • To warm breast milk from the refrigerator: Place the bottle in a bowl of warm water or run it under warm water. Microwaving breast milk is not safe due to the risk of scalding your baby with hot milk.

  • Freeze breast milk if you will not be using it within 24 hours. Breast milk expands as it freezes, so do not fill the milk all the way to the top of the storage container. Again store the milk in the back of the freezer, not the door.

    • If freezing the milk inside a refrigerator with a freezer that has a separate door (0°F or −18°C), milk may be frozen for up to 9 months.

    • If the freezer is a chest or a deep freezer (−4°F or −20°C), milk may be frozen for up to 12 months.

  • To thaw breast milk from the freezer: Put the bottle or bag in the refrigerator overnight, hold it under warm running water, or set it in a container of warm water. Remember that heating breast milk in microwaves is not safe.

  • Once breast milk is thawed: It can be stored in a refrigerator and must be used within 24 hours.

The Rule of 4's

We know breast milk storage can be confusing, so here is a more conservative approach that you can also go by (and easily remember): 4 hours at room temperature and 4 days in the refrigerator!

Editor's Note: Although these breast milk storage guidelines are appropriate for babies born premature and those who are hospitalized, hospitals may have their own rules. If you have specific questions, discuss these guidelines with your baby's pediatrician and/or hospital. ​​

Where We Stand:

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends breastfeeding as the sole source of nutrition for your baby for about 6 months. When you add solid foods to your baby's diet, continue breastfeeding until at least 12 months. You can continue to breastfeed after 12 months if you and your baby desire.​

Additional Information & Resources:

  • Expressing Breastmilk On the Job

  • Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk (AAP Policy Statement)​

  • Effects of Extended Freezer Storage on the Integrity of Human Milk (The  Journal of Pediatrics) ​

About Dr. DiMaggio: 

Dina DiMaggio, MD, FAAP, is a board certified pediatrician at Pediatric Associates of NYC and at NYU Langone Medical Center. She is the co-author of The Pediatrician's Guide to Feeding Babies and Toddlers, a comprehensive manual written by a team of medical, nutrition, and culinary experts. Follow her on Instagram @Pediatriciansguide.

Author
Dina DiMaggio, MD, FAAP
Last Updated
9/9/2016
Source
American Academy of Pediatrics (Copyright © 2016)

The information contained on this Web site should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your pediatrician. There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances.

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Feeding with expressed milk | breastfeeding

When can I start breastfeeding my baby with expressed breast milk? How to do it right? Is it worth worrying that the child will confuse the pacifier with the breast? In this article we will answer your questions.

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When can I start breastfeeding my baby?

If your baby is healthy and breastfeeding well, there is no need to give him expressed milk. For the first four weeks, you work together to start and increase milk production, and your baby also learns to suckle properly at the breast. There is not enough scientific data on this yet, 1 but there is an opinion that bottle feeding in the first month may adversely affect the process of establishing breastfeeding.

However, if the newborn is unable to latch on or suckle for some reason, start expressing milk as soon as possible after delivery. Read more about this in our articles on coping with problems in the first week, breastfeeding premature babies and babies with special needs, and seeking help from your healthcare provider. nine0003

How can I feed my baby with expressed breast milk?

There are many expert feeding solutions that allow you to give your baby expressed milk in a variety of ways, depending on your and your baby's needs.

For example, the innovative Calma smart pacifier only lets milk through when the baby creates a vacuum by suckling. This means that when feeding from a bottle, he will make the same movements with his tongue and jaws as when sucking at the breast. 2.3 Calma was developed with the help of breastfeeding experts from the University of Western Australia. When using this pacifier, the baby can suck, swallow, pause and breathe in the same way as when breastfeeding. 4 Preserving natural sucking habits allows baby to transition easily from breast to bottle and back.

In addition, Medela also offers regular bottle teats* in two versions that produce milk at different rates. All Medela* nipples can be placed directly on bottles used for expressing milk, minimizing the risk of spillage. nine0003

If you need to feed your baby with expressed milk, but you do not want to bottle feed him until he is learning to breastfeed, you can use a sippy cup* for temporary feeding. The baby will be able to drink milk from such a mug, but you should be careful not to spill the milk. For the first time, it is advisable to feed the child from a drinking cup under the supervision of the attending physician in order to learn how to do it correctly.

If your baby needs to be supplemented with expressed milk in addition to regular breastfeeding, the Supplementary Feeding System (SNS)* can be used. It is equipped with a thin, flexible capillary that can be clipped close to the nipple to give your baby expressed milk while breastfeeding. Thanks to this, the baby suckles the breast for longer, thereby developing sucking skills and stimulating the production of milk from the mother. This can be helpful when there is a shortage of breast milk, as well as when feeding adopted or surrogate children. nine0003

If the baby is unable to breastfeed because he is too weak or has a congenital disease, you can use the Special Needs Cup*, which releases milk with gentle pressure, making it suitable for feeding these babies.

How to teach a child to bottle feed?

If breastfeeding is going well and you decide to start bottle feeding your baby with expressed breast milk, follow these guidelines.

Start early and take your time

Don't wait until the first day of work or the first time you leave the house to start bottle feeding your baby. Start accustoming your baby to small portions of expressed milk a couple of weeks before the desired date, calmly and without haste. Gradually build up to one full serving of pumped milk from a bottle.

Choose a time

Ideally, at the first bottle feeding, the baby should be hungry, but not too hungry - in this state, he is as relaxed as possible. nine0003

Let others feed

Your baby is used to feeding from your breast, so when you offer him a bottle it can be confusing. The process can go faster if the first time the baby is bottle-fed by someone else while you are not in the room, so that your sight and smell do not embarrass the baby.

Maintain optimal temperature

Your baby will be more willing to eat expressed milk if the temperature is around 37°C, close to body temperature. nine0003

Dip the nipple in milk

Try dipping the nipple in expressed milk before offering it to your baby. This way it will taste and smell like your breast milk. Lightly touch the baby's upper lip with the nipple to open the mouth.

Choose the right position for bottle feeding

Feed your baby on demand and keep him reclining during feeding. Never bottle feed your baby when he is lying or sitting, otherwise he may choke. Listen to the wishes of the child - take as many pauses as he needs. You can even try to shift it from one hand to another during feeding. nine0003

Be patient

Don't worry if your baby doesn't take the bottle right away - it may take several tries. If he pushes the bottle away or starts crying, calm him down, wait a few minutes and try again. If he still doesn't want to bottle feed, wait a few more minutes and breastfeed him as usual. Repeat the bottle experiment at a different time of day.

How much pumped milk should I give my baby? nine0009

All children are different. Research shows that between the ages of one and six months, a baby can consume between 50 and 230 ml of milk per feeding. To start, prepare about 60 ml and observe how much your baby needs - more or less. You will soon realize how much milk he usually eats. Just never force him to finish the cooked portion.

How can I keep my baby safe when bottle feeding?

Always clean and sterilize your pump and bottles according to the manufacturer's instructions. Wash your hands before expressing, pouring milk, and feeding your baby. Follow our instructions for safely storing and thawing your expressed milk. nine0003

If breastmilk needs to be warmed, place the bottle or bag in a bowl of warm water or a heater or under running water at a maximum of 37°C. Never heat breast milk in the microwave or on the stove.

Will the baby be able to transition from breast to bottle?

Some mothers worry that if they start bottle feeding too early, the baby will get used to the artificial nipple and not want to breastfeed. Others, on the contrary, are worried that if the child is not immediately accustomed to the bottle, then he will no longer eat from it. In general, in these cases, they say that the child confuses the nipple with the breast. nine0003

Experts disagree on whether such confusion is a problem. 1 Without a doubt, it is easier for a baby to suckle milk from a regular bottle with a nipple, which does not require a vacuum, than from the breast, since the milk flows faster, also under the influence of gravity. And some babies really have clear preferences: only the breast or only the nipple. However, many babies are comfortable suckling both the breast and the pacifier.

If you are unable to feed your baby with expressed breast milk, seek help from a lactation consultant or specialist. nine0003

Literature

1 Zimmerman E, Thompson K. Clarifying nipple confusion. J. Perinatol. 2015;35(11):895-899. - Zimmerman I., Thompson K., "On the issue of breastfeeding." Zh Perinatol (Journal of Perinatology). 2015;35(11):895-899.

2 Geddes DT et al. Tongue movement and intra-oral vacuum of term infants during breastfeeding and feeding from an experimental teat that released milk under vacuum only. Early Hum Dev . 2012;88(6):443-449. - Geddes D.T. et al., "Language Movements and Oral Vacuum Generation in Term Infants During Breastfeeding and Feeding from an Experimental Vacuum-Delivery Teat". Airlie Hume Dev. 2012;88(6):443-449.

3 Segami Y et al. Perioral movements and sucking pattern during bottle feeding with a novel, experimental teat are similar to breastfeeding. J. Perinatol. nine0104 2013;33(4):319-323. - Segami I. et al., "Perioral movements and sucking during bottle feeding with a new experimental nipple are very similar to sucking from the breast." Zh Perinatol (Journal of Perinatology). 2013;33(4):319-323.

4 Sakalidis VS et al. Oxygen saturation and suck-swallow-breathe coordination of term infants during breastfeeding and feeding from a teat releasing milk only with vacuum. Int J Pediatr. 2012;2012:130769. - Sakalidis V.S. et al., "Oxygenation and Coordination of Sucking, Swallowing, and Breathing in the Term Infant During Breastfeeding and Feeding from a Purely Vacuum Teat". Int J Pediatrician 2012;2012:130769.

Read instructions before use. Consult a specialist about possible contraindications.

* RC № ФСЗ 2010/07353 of 07/19/2010

Storage, freezing and thawing of breast milk

Expressed breast milk is the best food for your baby when you are not around. How to store and use breast milk correctly?

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If you go to work, go to the gym or simply ask your partner to feed your baby and you want to get some sleep yourself, you can express breast milk so that the baby can eat even when you are not around. Most of the beneficial properties are retained in expressed breast milk, so if you are forced to skip breastfeeding, it will be a better replacement than any formula. But an important guarantee of the safety of expressed milk for your baby is hygiene. Read the article to learn how to properly store breast milk. nine0003

What is the best way to store breast milk?

Any type of breast milk is better for the baby than formula. But freshly expressed breast milk is better than chilled, and chilled breast milk is better than frozen. The fact is that freshly expressed milk fights bacteria better, it contains more antioxidants, vitamins and fats than chilled or frozen milk 4 .

How long expressed breast milk lasts

Once your breast milk is properly collected in a clean container, you can store it at room temperature, in the refrigerator or in the freezer, depending on how soon you plan to use it. Follow the guidelines below:

Recommendations for storing expressed breast milk (for feeding healthy term babies) 2, 3

Storage location

Room temperature
16 to 25°C
(60°F to 77°F)

Refrigerator
4°C (39°F)
and below

Freezer
-18°C (0°F)
and below

Pre-frozen
breast milk, thawed
refrigerated

Safe shelf life

Up to four hours

Up to six hours for milk expressed under extra clean conditions*

Up to three days

Up to five days for milk expressed under extra clean conditions*

Up to six months

Up to nine months for milk expressed under extra clean conditions*

Up to two hours at room temperature

Up to 24 hours refrigerated

Do not freeze again!

* "Very clean environment" refers to strict adherence to the instructions in the article on cleaning and sterilizing the Medela 9 breast pump0104 . These instructions for storing and thawing breast milk are guidelines only. For more information, contact a lactation consultant or healthcare professional.

If the baby is in the neonatal intensive care unit (NIU) or intensive care unit, stricter cleaning and storage guidelines may apply in accordance with the hospital's internal policies.

Before placing expressed milk in the refrigerator or freezer, be sure to mark the bottles or bags with the amount of milk and the date of expression. This will make it easier to manage your pumped milk supply. nine0003

Recommendations for feeding expressed breast milk

During storage, breast milk usually separates into layers and the fats (cream) it contains rise to the top. Shake the bottle lightly to mix the layers before giving it to your baby. Strong mixing and shaking can destroy some of the nutritional and protective components of breast milk 5 .

When a baby is fed expressed breast milk from a cup or bottle, bacteria from the mouth naturally enters the milk. Therefore, it is best to throw out all the unfinished milk one to two hours after the first feeding. In order to waste as little expressed milk as possible, it is best to store it in small portions and use just enough for one feeding 2 .

How to Store Breast Milk in the Refrigerator

2, 3

Follow the guidelines below to safely store expressed milk in the refrigerator.

  • Refrigerate breast milk as soon as possible after pumping.
  • Store milk in clean BPA-free breast milk bottles or breast milk storage bags. Its long-term effects on the human body are not well understood and manufacturers are now moving away from the use of this chemical in plastic containers and covers. nine0296
  • After pre-cooling, a small amount of expressed milk can be added to the milk container stored in the refrigerator. Do not add warm breast milk to already chilled milk.
  • Store breast milk in the coldest part of the refrigerator, on the back of the shelf above the vegetable drawer. Do not store milk in the refrigerator door where the temperature is not as constant.

How to store breast milk in the freezer

2, 3

The following are guidelines for the safe freezing of breast milk.

  • Freeze breast milk as soon as possible after pumping.
  • After pre-cooling, expressed milk can be added to the already frozen milk container. Do not add warm breast milk to already frozen milk.
  • To simplify defrosting and reduce waste, store milk in small portions (less than 60 ml). Once thawed, portions can be mixed. nine0296
  • Make sure the breast milk container is suitable for freezing: some containers (eg glass bottles) may burst at low temperatures. Medela Breast Milk Storage Bags are ideal for storing frozen breast milk: they are ready to use, cold-resistant and easy to label.
  • Do not fill bottles or bags more than 3/4 full as milk expands when frozen.
  • Store frozen breast milk in the back of the freezer where the temperature is constant. Do not place it against the walls of freezers with automatic defrosting. nine0296

Feeding frozen breast milk

2, 3

Follow these guidelines when thawing breast milk to keep it safe for your baby.

  • Breast milk can be thawed in the refrigerator, usually takes about 12 hours. You can place the bottle or bag of frozen milk under running warm water (max. 37  °C). Do not thaw breast milk at room temperature.
  • Fully thawed breast milk can be stored for up to two hours at room temperature and up to 24 hours in the refrigerator. nine0296
  • Do not thaw or reheat frozen breast milk in a microwave oven or in boiling water. This can negatively affect the nutritional and protective properties of breast milk, and due to uneven heating, the baby can burn.
  • If, after defrosting, you left breast milk at room temperature, but did not feed it to the baby within two hours, the milk must be discarded.
  • Do not refreeze breast milk.

How to warm up expressed breast milk

2, 3

Healthy full-term babies can be given breast milk at room temperature or heated to body temperature. Some children care about the temperature of the milk, while others drink milk at any temperature.

  • To warm breast milk, place the bottle or bag in a cup, mug or bowl of warm water for a few minutes until the milk is at body temperature (37°C). You can use a bottle warmer. Do not heat milk above 40°C or microwave it to avoid overheating. nine0296
  • Slightly shake the milk in the bottle or bag to mix the separated fat (see above). Do not stir or shake the milk too hard.

Why does milk smell strange after storage?

Chilled or thawed breast milk may smell different from fresh
. This is due to the action of lipase, an enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids, preventing the growth of dangerous bacteria.

Some mothers report that their milk smells rancid or soapy after storage. But if you followed all the recommendations for safe storage given in this article, such milk is absolutely safe 2 .

Storing breastmilk on the road

If you need to transport your breastmilk from work to home or nursery, use the cool bag with ice packs 2 . For more information on pumping and storing breastmilk on the go, see the article on pumping on the go.

Literature

1 US Food & Drug Administration. Using a breast pump. [Internet]. Silver Spring, MD, USA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2018 [updated 2018 Feb 04; cited 2018 Apr 12] Available from: www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/HomeHealthandConsumer/ConsumerProducts/BreastPumps/ucm061944.htm. "Instructions for using the breast pump". [Internet] Silver Spring, Maryland, USA: Department of Health and Human Services; 2018 [updated February 4, 2018; cited April 12, 2018] Article referenced: www. fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/HomeHealthandConsumer/ConsumerProducts/BreastPumps/ucm061944.htm

3 Eglash,A., Simon,L., & The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. ABM clinical protocol #8: human milk storage information for home use for full-term infants, revised 2017. Breastfeed Med 12, (2017). - Eglash A, Simon L and Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, AVM Clinical Protocol #8: Home Storage of Milk for Term Infants 2017 Revision. Brestfeed Med (Breastfeeding Medicine) 12 (2917).

4 Human Milk Banking Association of North America. 2011 Best practice for expressing, storing and handling human milk in hospitals, homes, and child care settings. (HMBANA, Fort Worth, 2011).- North American Breast Milk Banks Association. Fort Worth: SABGM; 2011.

5 García-Lara NR et al. Effect of freezing time on macronutrients and energy content of breastmilk.

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