African mother feeding baby
Breastfeeding Africa Child Mother - Bilder und Stockfotos
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breastfeeding africa child mother Stock-Fotografie und Bilder. Oder starten Sie eine neue Suche, um noch mehr Stock-Fotografie und Bilder zu entdecken.afrikanische mutter stillt - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderAfrikanische Mutter stillt
Alleinerziehende junge afrikanische Mutter in einem Dorf in Botswana, das Drama alleinerziehender Mütter aus der Dritten Welt
afrikanische mutter stillt - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderAfrikanische Mutter stillt
Alleinerziehende junge afrikanische Mutter in einem Dorf in Botswana, das Drama alleinerziehender Mütter aus der Dritten Welt
schuss einer jungen frau stillt ihr entzückendes baby mädchen auf dem sofa zu hause - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderSchuss einer jungen Frau stillt ihr entzückendes Baby Mädchen. ..
So natürlich, wie es die Natur beabsichtigt hat
brust füttern - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderBrust Füttern
afrikanische dorf landschaft szene, junge frau in traditionellen stammeskleid mit kind - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symboleAfrikanische Dorf Landschaft Szene, junge Frau in traditionellen...
Afrikanische Dorflandschaftsszene, Menschen in Afrika Vektorillustration. Cartoon-Figur der jungen Frau in traditioneller Stammeskleidung mit Kind, das zwischen armen Häusern spazieren geht, glückliche Kinder spielen Hintergrund
frau von common newt stillen ihr baby, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau von common newt stillen Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
cassava vorbereitung - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderCassava Vorbereitung
Tsiribihina, Madagaskar - 30.
Juni 2016: Madagassische Familie, Mutter stillt ihr Baby während der Zubereitung von Maniok in einem Stammesdorf von Tsiribihina, Madagaskar.
Mutter stillt ihr Baby
Stillendes Baby. Junge Mutter, die ihr neugeborenes Kind hält und pflegt.
zarte rine frau stillen baby - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderZarte Rine Frau stillen Baby
frau von common newt breasfeeding ihr baby, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau von common newt breasfeeding Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
lächelnde frau stillt ihr baby - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderLächelnde Frau stillt ihr Baby
Lächelnde Frau, die ihr Baby stillt. Frau, die Mutterschaftserfahrung genießt.
afrikanische frau stillt ihr kind - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderAfrikanische Frau stillt ihr Kind
plus größe mutter mit ihrem säugling - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderPlus Größe Mutter mit ihrem Säugling
Plus-Size-Frau, die ihr Baby hält und stillt.
Starker Körper positive Frau nach der Geburt.
Afrikanische Mutter stillt ihr Baby
Afrikanische Mutter, die ihr Baby stillt. Postpartale Frau und Kind stehen vor braunem Hintergrund.
stillen in der öffentlichkeit - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderStillen in der Öffentlichkeit
plus größe mutter stillen ihr baby - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderPlus Größe Mutter stillen ihr Baby
Plus-Size-Frau, die ihr Kind stillt. Mutter mit Baby in den Händen stehend und stillend.
stillende himba mutter sitzt nahe der hütte, opuwo, namibia - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderStillende Himba Mutter sitzt nahe der Hütte, Opuwo, Namibia
stillen-richtige posen stehend (vektordarstellung)-vector - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symboleStillen-richtige Posen stehend (Vektordarstellung)-Vector
junge afrikanische mutter stillt ihr baby, zentraläthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderJunge afrikanische Mutter stillt ihr Baby, Zentraläthiopien,.
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Frau, die ihr Baby stillt, Äthiopien, Afrika
junge afrikanische mutter stillt ihr baby, zentraläthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderJunge afrikanische Mutter stillt ihr Baby, Zentraläthiopien,...
dies ist, wie er am liebsten einschlafen - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderDies ist, wie er am liebsten einschlafen
Beschnittene Aufnahme einer jungen Frau, die mit ihrem Sohn Zeit zu Hause verbringt
junge mutter aus dem borana-stamm, die ihr baby stillt, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderJunge Mutter aus dem Borana-Stamm, die ihr Baby stillt, Äthiopien,
Junge Mutter aus dem Borana-Stamm, die ihr Baby stillt, Südäthiopien, Afrika. Die Borana Oromo sind ein Hirtenstamm, der im Süden Äthiopiens und im Norden Kenias lebt.
Frau aus dem Hamer-Stamm stillt ihr Baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
himba frau stillt ihr baby - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderHimba Frau stillt ihr Baby
Vertikale Nahaufnahme einer Frau, nur in der Mitte, vom nomadischen Himba-Volk, das vor ihrer Hütte sitzt und ihr Kind stillt, in einem kleinen Dorf in der abgelegenen Skelettküste der Namib-Wüste in Namibia. Die Frau trägt traditionellen Schmuck und Kleidung, und ihre Tonpellet-Frisur und Rindsleder-Kopfbedeckung zeigen ihren Ehestatus innerhalb des Stammes. Sie hat ihre Haut mit einer Mischung aus rotem Ton und Butterfett zur Verschönerung und zum Sonnenschutz bedeckt.
frau aus hamer stamm stillt ihr baby, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau aus Hamer Stamm stillt ihr Baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
Frau aus dem Hamer-Stamm stillt ihr Baby, Äthiopien, Afrika.
Der Hamer-Stamm ist eine indigene Gruppe von Menschen in Afrika, und dieser Stamm lebt in der südwestlichen Region des Omo-Tals in der Nähe von Kenia, Afrika. Sie sind größtenteils Hirten.
Pflege macht alles besser
porträt der frau von common newt, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderPorträt der Frau von common newt, Äthiopien, Afrika
Frau vom Stamm der Mursi hält ihr Baby. Mursi-Stamm sind wahrscheinlich die letzten Gruppen in Afrika, unter denen es immer noch die Norm ist, dass Frauen große Keramik- oder Holzscheiben oder "Teller" in ihren Unterlippen tragen.http://bem.2be.pl/IS/ethiopia_380.jpg
junge mutter von common newt breasfeeding ihr baby, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderJunge Mutter von common newt breasfeeding Ihr Baby, Äthiopien,...
Junge Mutter aus dem Mursi-Stamm, die ihr Baby füttert.
Mursi-Stamm sind wahrscheinlich die letzten Gruppen in Afrika, unter denen es immer noch die Norm ist, dass Frauen große Keramik- oder Holzscheiben oder "Teller" in ihren Unterlippen tragen.http://bem.2be.pl/IS/ethiopia_380.jpg
Frau von Borana-Stammes stillen Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
frau vom stamm der karo stillen ihr baby, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau vom Stamm der Karo stillen Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
frau von erbore tribe stillen ihr baby, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau von Erbore tribe stillen Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
frau aus karo stamm stillt ihr baby, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau aus Karo Stamm stillt ihr Baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
porträt von baby von common newt, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderPorträt von baby von common newt, Äthiopien, Afrika
Frau vom Stamm der Mursi stillt ihr Baby.
Mursi-Stamm sind wahrscheinlich die letzten Gruppen in Afrika, unter denen es immer noch die Norm für Frauen ist, große Keramik oder Holzscheiben oder aEplatesaa in ihren Unterlippen zu tragen.
Frau vom Stamm der Karo stillen Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
Frau aus dem Karo-Stamm stillt ihr Baby. Der Karo-Stamm ist ein Stamm, der in der südwestlichen Region des Omo-Tals in der Nähe von Kenia, Afrika, lebt. Sie sind größtenteils Hirten.http://bem.2be.pl/IS/ethiopia_380.jpg
frau von common newt stillen ihr baby, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau von common newt stillen Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
Frau vom Stamm der Mursi stillt ihr Baby. Mursi-Stamm sind wahrscheinlich die letzten Gruppen in Afrika, unter denen es immer noch die Norm ist, dass Frauen große Keramik- oder Holzscheiben oder "Teller" in ihren Unterlippen tragen.
http://bem.2be.pl/IS/ethiopia_380.jpg
Junge Frau vom Stamm der Karo stillen Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
Youngoman aus dem Karo-Stamm stillt ihr Baby, Der Karo-Stamm ist ein Stamm, der in der südwestlichen Region des Omo-Tals in der Nähe von Kenia, Afrika, lebt. Sie sind größtenteils Hirten.
frau vom stamm der karo stillen ihr baby, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau vom Stamm der Karo stillen Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
Frau aus dem Karo-Stamm, die ihr Baby stillt, Der Karo-Stamm ist ein Stamm, der in der südwestlichen Region des Omo-Tals in der Nähe von Kenia, Afrika, lebt. Sie sind größtenteils Hirten.http://bhphoto.pl/IS/ethiopia_380.jpg
porträt der frau von common newt, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderPorträt der Frau von common newt, Äthiopien, Afrika
Frau vom Stamm der Mursi hält ihr Baby.
Mursi-Stamm sind wahrscheinlich die letzten Gruppen in Afrika, unter denen es immer noch die Norm ist, dass Frauen große Keramik- oder Holzscheiben oder "Teller" in ihren Unterlippen tragen.http://bem.2be.pl/IS/ethiopia_380.jpg
Frau von Borana-Stammes stillen Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
ganvie – damen veranstaltung - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderGanvie – Damen Veranstaltung
Ganvie, Benin - 15. Mai 2012: Eine Gruppe von Ganvie-Frauen hat sich mit ihren mit Bananen gefüllten Einbaumkanus versammelt, um über den Lake Nokoue zum Markt zu fahren. Ein kleiner Junge im Vordergrund übt seine Angelfähigkeiten mit einem Netz, der Methode, mit der das Dorf die Gewässer des Sees befischt. Eine der Frauen watet im See und zieht ihr Kanu mit, um sich den anderen anzuschließen.
frau von erbore tribe stillen ihr baby, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau von Erbore tribe stillen Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
frau von common newt - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau von common newt
"Arba Minch, Äthiopien - 1.
November 2012: Frau aus dem Mursi-Stamm brütet ihr Kind. Sie steht auf dreckiger, grüner Landschaft im Hintergrund. Sie trägt einen Rock, und das Kind ist in Tierhaut gehüllt. Ihr Hängen durchbohrte, aber keine Lippenplatte darin."
Frau von common newt
frau von erbore tribe hält ihr baby, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau von Erbore tribe hält Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
frau von erbore tribe stillen ihr baby, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau von Erbore tribe stillen Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
porträt der frau von common newt, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderPorträt der Frau von common newt, Äthiopien, Afrika
stallhalterin mit bunten waren stillt ihr baby in kapstadt - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderStallhalterin mit bunten Waren stillt ihr Baby in Kapstadt
19.
jahrhundert tunesien-beduinen frau - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole19. Jahrhundert Tunesien-Beduinen Frau
afrikanische mutter stillt - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderAfrikanische Mutter stillt
cassava vorbereitung - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderCassava Vorbereitung
Tsiribihina, Madagaskar - 30. Juni 2016: Madagassische Familie, Mutter stillt ihr Baby während der Zubereitung von Maniok in einem Stammesdorf von Tsiribihina, Madagaskar.
frau füttert ihr baby - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau füttert ihr Baby
junge afrikanische mutter stillt ihr baby, zentraläthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderJunge afrikanische Mutter stillt ihr Baby, Zentraläthiopien,...
mutter stillt ihr baby - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderMutter stillt ihr Baby
Postpartale Mutter, die ihr Baby stillt.
Afrikanische Frau, die ihr Baby stillt.
Plus Größe Mutter stillt ihr Baby
junge mutter aus dem borana-stamm, die ihr baby stillt, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderJunge Mutter aus dem Borana-Stamm, die ihr Baby stillt, Äthiopien,
mutter stillt ihr baby - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderMutter stillt ihr Baby
frau von common newt breasfeeding ihr baby, äthiopien, afrika - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderFrau von common newt breasfeeding Ihr baby, Äthiopien, Afrika
schuss einer jungen frau stillt ihr entzückendes baby mädchen auf dem sofa zu hause - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderSchuss einer jungen Frau stillt ihr entzückendes Baby Mädchen...
Milch und Mama, was braucht ein Baby mehr?
schuss einer jungen frau stillt ihr entzückendes baby mädchen auf dem sofa zu hause - breastfeeding africa child mother stock-fotos und bilderSchuss einer jungen Frau stillt ihr entzückendes Baby Mädchen.
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Why many South African mothers give up breastfeeding their babies so soon
Breast milk plays a vital role in reducing child mortality. It has all the nutrients a baby needs in the first six months of life and its health benefits extend into adulthood. This is why organisations, like UNICEF and the World Health Organisation (WHO), recommend exclusive breastfeeding – no other food or drink, not even water – for infants in this period.
Globally, numerous policies and programmes have been put in place to promote and support breastfeeding. South Africa has also been promoting exclusive breastfeeding. But the country has one of the lowest rates of exclusive breastfeeding in Africa and globally.
Within the country, the rate varies substantially. There have been remarkable improvements in some age groups. In 2003, only 11.2% of babies were breastfeeding exclusively in the first month of life. By 2016, that number had jumped to 44%. But, at five months, only 31.
6% of babies were being exclusively breastfed.
These patterns were echoed in my doctoral study conducted in the Tlokwe sub-district – an area with nine primary healthcare clinics and a district hospital – in South Africa’s North West province. I examined the rate and reasons of exclusive breastfeeding discontinuation among a particular group of mothers.
It’s important to understand why mothers, despite the decades of breastfeeding promotion campaigns, still do not optimally breastfeed their infants. Understanding the reasons can inform policy and interventions to make it easier to give babies the best start in life.
Breastfeeding practices
The Tlokwe sub-district is like many low-income neighbourhoods in South Africa. It’s burdened with high unemployment, poor living conditions, high levels of violence and crime and low levels of social capital. Most households in setting like this are headed by women and have multiple children. The men are often drawn to cities for better employment opportunities.
I followed a cohort of 178 breastfeeding mothers with infants from age 14 days to 24 weeks.
In my study, exclusive breastfeeding rates decreased from 34% at 4-8 weeks to a mere 9.7% by weeks 20-24. Over the same period, mixed feeding with infant formula increased from 17% to 50.1%, and food feeding from 3.1% to 54.2%. These numbers mirror the national trends.
A lot is still uncertain about breastfeeding practices in South Africa. But my research suggests that womens’ decisions around breastfeeding are shaped by a host of personal, social, economic and cultural factors. These often get in the way of the mother’s intentions to breastfeed her infant as recommended. This is especially true for women living in poverty.
Read more: How health workers have adapted to South Africa's breastfeeding policy
Of all the factors that determine women’s decisions on breastfeeding, the most dominant one – in my study, at least – was the stress that mothers endure in difficult home environments.
Many South African women face daily challenges of poverty – no food, rent to pay, children to put through school.
One study found that a major concern and source of stress for breastfeeding mothers was the lack of food in the home. In 2017, almost 20% of South African households had inadequate or severely inadequate access to food. The North West province – where I did my study – had the highest proportion of food insecure households at 63%.
Under such trying conditions, women often have to care for children alone. Studies have found that most new mothers live with their families of origin rather than their partners or spouses. And these families have their own struggles with poverty.
This elevates stress. Family stress and the lack of food and money take a toll on a mother’s mental health. I used the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale to measure mothers’ mental health and found that nearly 45% had clinical signs of distress. This rate is higher than found in previous studies of mental health among HIV-positive mothers.
Around 13% of mothers in developing countries experience clinical depression after childbirth – a condition also known as postpartum or postnatal depression. Women with high levels of postpartum depression are more likely to stop breastfeeding within three months.
In my study, mothers feared that the stress they experienced could be passed on to their infants through breastfeeding. Mothers are reluctant to pass on their stress and distress to their infants. Their decision to seek alternative feeding is a protective action to spare their infants their negative stress.
Research shows that stress in mothers increases corticosteroids in breast milk. This validates mothers’ concern for their infants and the negative impact of stress.
My qualitative data showed that many mothers had difficult and strained relationships in the home and experienced a hostile social environment towards breastfeeding. Mothers expressed discomfort and shame about breastfeeding in public spaces and places.
There are additional factors that influence breastfeeding choices. These include the mother’s breastfeeding knowledge, and breastfeeding support from health professionals. Mothers knew about the health benefits of breastfeeding for their infants. But surprisingly, baby cues were often interpreted and internalised as negative responses to their breast milk. These cues included the baby crying, the baby breastfeeding frequently, and the baby not sleeping for long periods. Often these aspects of baby care and breastfeeding were not discussed at the health facilities.
The infant formula industry markets infant formula as a superior response to the crying baby, the “hungry baby” and the difficult sleeper. These were some of the reasons that mothers switched to infant formula.
Guidance from family, relatives and health professionals is also likely to shape the decision to continue – or discontinue – with breastfeeding.
Recommendations
Most mothers deliver their babies in a health facility where exclusive breastfeeding is recommended and encouraged.
But the fact that mixed feeding is the norm suggests that mothers are confronted with environments that make it hard for them to follow this advice.
My findings suggest that breastfeeding information and education is reaching mothers, which mothers value and want to breastfeed.
But telling a mother that breastfeeding is good for the baby does not address the challenge of household food insecurity, internalised misconceptions about breast milk production, and difficult family relations. These barriers inhibit optimal breastfeeding practices and demand broader society engagement on supporting women and their child care responsibilities.
Breastfeeding support programmes narrowly focused on the health and social benefits of breastfeeding need to take a broader approach. Child nutrition can’t be addressed without addressing the challenges that women, and mothers in particular, face.
The most unusual family traditions of African tribes
Bushmen - bush people
The Bushmen are a small group of hunting tribes in South Africa.
Ethnographers note that the tribe has no leaders. This role is assigned to the head of the family: he enjoys greater rights than the rest. In addition, the Bushmen respect the elderly people of the tribe - a storehouse of knowledge.
The community is considered one big family, regardless of kinship. The feeling of mutual assistance is extremely strong among the Bushmen. If, say, a child finds fruits, he will not eat them for anything, but will bring the find to the camp, and the elders will share the find equally.
The harsh conditions of life dictate the same harsh traditions. Typically, Bushwomen breastfeed their children for several years, until the next birth, which may be in three or four years. According to the laws of the desert, a Bushwoman mother kills a newborn if he was born before the due time. In this way, it makes it possible for the previous child to survive.
Nuba - people of the hills
This is the name of the tribe that lives on the border of Sudan and South Sudan.
Quite curious family customs have been preserved among the Nuba. Every year the tribe organizes dances where the girls choose their partners. If everything went well, and the young decided to become a family, a whole mechanism is launched. So, before calling himself a husband, a young man must build a house for his bride. Until that moment, he has no right to live with his chosen one - only to secretly visit her under the cover of night.
Even the birth of a joint child does not give grounds for the girl's family to recognize his father as the daughter's legal husband.
Only when the house is built, the boy and girl can sleep together, but - interestingly - do not eat. Only a year later, when the marriage will be tested by time, it will be recognized as official and the spouses can eat, as they say, "from one pot."
Mursi inhabiting paradise
The Mursi have a rather colorful mythology. According to her, the Omo Valley, where this Ethiopian tribe lives, is the Garden of Eden.
The women of this rather warlike tribe look unusual because of their traditional lip discs. There are several versions of what this custom means. According to one of them, for example, the disk shows the social status of a young woman's family. For example, by the type of disc, one can determine the number of cattle expected for a woman as a dowry.
According to ethnographers, after a woman with a wooden "plate" gets married, she is replaced with a clay one. The diameter of the disk, by the way, can reach thirty centimeters.
Swazi performing a dance
One of the most colorful events in the Kingdom of Swaziland takes place annually in late August - early September and is timed to coincide with the moment the king chooses his next bride. It is called the "Dance of the Reed": virgins from all over the kingdom gather near the palace of the Queen Mother. The meaning of the ceremony is to show the king his beauty and ability to dance.
The current King Mswati III has acquired only eleven wives.
Probably, the European education received in Great Britain affects. For comparison: his father at one time had more than 90 women Moreover, each of them he built a palace.
Tuareg - descendants of the queen
This people of the Berber group lives in Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Morocco, Algeria and Libya. The Tuareg consider Tin Hinan, a semi-legendary queen who lived in the 4th century, to be the progenitor of their tribes.
By religion, the Tuareg are Sunni Muslims. However, they retained many pre-Islamic traditions, such as maternal inheritance. Hence the bizarre confusion: despite the fact that the Tuareg profess Islam, where polygamy is allowed, a real Tuareg marries once in a lifetime.
Echoes of matriarchy are also noticeable in the fact that women are respected in Tuareg society. Girls learn to read and write from an early age, and it is permissible for a man to be illiterate. Women own land, family values, have the right to divorce their husbands. In this case, not a woman, but a man leaves the house.
The Tuareg, by the way, is the only people in the world who has not a woman, but a man who must cover his face.
Hamer, who believe in genies
The Hamer tribe living in southern Ethiopia believes that natural objects have a soul, in jinn who can take the form of a person or an animal.
Hamer are Sunni Muslims. As a rule, women of the tribe marry men much older than themselves. A girl is formally considered a bride as soon as she turns 12.
The marital status of the representatives of the tribe can be determined by their collars. Thus, a non-removable collar made of metal and dry-cured hide goes only to the first wife. The rest wear iron hoops, the number of which indicates the serial number of the spouse. The number of wives a man has can be counted by his earrings.
Men of the tribe are allowed to have four wives. When a husband dies, his widow becomes the head of the family: she manages the affairs of her husband's younger brother and takes care of his livestock if his parents are dead.
As a rule, widows do not remarry.
By the way, researchers note that morals in families are quite severe: a Hamer husband must beat his wives on certain days, thus expressing love. The more scars a woman has, the more beautiful and therefore more beloved she is considered.
Non-literate Himba
In the north of Namibia, near the border with Angola, the Himba tribe lives.
Himba do not need the attributes of civilization, they do not use technology and do not know writing. Their main wealth is cows. You can buy a wife for them. At the age of eight, a girl becomes a bride and is valued at four cows, and a cow at $700. As the bride grows older, the price of her increases.
Himba is allowed to have up to four wives, although the elders allow themselves six.
At the same time, as African researchers say, even decrepit old men get married: in order not to lose face, they "loan" their young wives to their elder sons. Thus, by the age of 30, when the average Himba man starts a family, he may already have several children.
Tsamai from the Oma Valley
Among the Tsamai of rural Ethiopia, unlike most neighboring tribes, there is no custom for a girl to remain virgin before marriage. However, despite the fact that a member of the tribe is not forbidden to have a partner before marriage, if the connection led to the birth of a child, the couple is obliged to marry.
It also happens that a daughter's future spouse is chosen by her parents. At the same time, the girls are not particularly interested in the opinion of the girls: if the parents agreed among themselves, preparations for the celebration begin. It's not easy to come to an agreement. The main form of bride price is livestock. For the weight of the marriage proposal, the groom may add grain, clothing, and coffee beans. Since the area is not rich in resources, it happens that all the relatives of the future spouse help to collect the ransom.
Except on honeymoon, tsamai couples do not eat from the same plate.
The tribe, like many others, is polygamous: men are allowed to have several wives.
At the same time, marriages between close relatives are strictly prohibited.
LEARNING FROM AFRICAN MOMS. BREASTFEEDING WITHOUT LOOKING AT THE WATCH.
Home > ARTICLES > Maternity > LEARNING FROM AFRICAN MOMS. BREASTFEEDING WITHOUT LOOKING AT THE WATCH.
Feeding babies with milk has existed for many millions of years, it began with the appearance of mammals on Earth. If we admit that man as a species stood out several hundred thousand years ago. Breastfeeding has existed for about as long as the process of feeding human babies. A person lives in a civilized society and has the opportunity to use various achievements of science and technology, including in the field of baby food, quite recently, relative to his existence as a species, a negligible period of time. But during this period, a civilized person forgot what he was designed by nature for and what he got used to in the process of evolution. But, fortunately, not everywhere.
I will quote the bulletin of the World Health Organization "Feeding children in the first year of life. Physiological bases", published in Russian back in 1989:
“In a society where breastfeeding is treated as a natural physiological function and the only way to feed a child, and where it is highly valued and therefore widely supported in society at large, and in families in particular, lactation disorders are practically not known ... "
“In traditional societies, even those living in unhygienic conditions, malnourished and often ill women who engage in strenuous physical labor, and more often give birth to children with low body weight, usually do not experience difficulties with lactation. For example, as a result of the WHO collaborative study on breastfeeding found that of 3,898 mothers monitored in Nigeria and Zaire, none had lactation difficulties.In a prospective study conducted in a small, poor Indian village in the mountains of Guatemala, of children born over an were followed up over time.
All 448 live births who survived after 48 hours were successfully breastfed."
How is it that mothers from Zaire and Guatemala manage to feed without experiencing problems? What are they doing? What are the secrets? Without knowing it, they feed their children following the rules for successful breastfeeding recommended by WHO for women from society who have lost the skills of breastfeeding and motherhood. This is our civilized society. We have lost the skills to feed children, and now these skills and knowledge have to be taught specifically to women. But what happens, for example, in Zaire?
The baby was born. He lies for 15-20 minutes, sneezing and coming to his senses after the hard work done. His mother is also resting. About 15-20 minutes after birth, the baby begins to open its mouth and turn its head. He starts looking for something to suck on. At this moment, mom will take him in her arms and put him on her chest. The baby will begin to suckle, and the mother will not interrupt this first feeding until the baby himself releases the breast.
The baby may not take the breast correctly. He doesn't know how to breastfeed, he never did. His mother, who first took a newborn in her arms, also never fed anyone. But next to her sits a woman who helped her during childbirth, and brought up several children herself. She will immediately help the mother correct the attachment of the baby to the breast, and show the necessary techniques for teaching the baby to suck properly, because this is vital for him, without proper attachment there will be no good stimulation of the breast and there will not be sufficient milk production. The child cannot survive.
Having sucked for the first time, the baby will fall asleep in his mother's arms, and when he wakes up and wants to suck, he will again receive a breast. He will always receive it, for each of his search movements or worries. For his mother, such behavior will not be unusual, she observed him throughout her previous life, so did and do all women with children.
Mom will not think of distracting the baby from sucking with something else, she will not offer him a pacifier or a bottle of water.
She just doesn't have them. If the baby is hot and thirsty, he will ask for a breast, and he will receive it. In the absence of running water, it is not always possible to get high-quality drinking water; giving a child the first water that comes across can have consequences tantamount to murder. The mother of the baby does not even think about the need to give the newborn water to drink. Why water if there is milk in the breast?
At night, the baby will lie next to the mother. Where else would he lie? His mother warms him and feeds him with milk, only she can calm him down, help and protect him. At night, requests to suck, the baby will receive breasts in the same way as during the day. Neither he nor his mother knows that they are engaged in stimulation of the night hormone prolactin by sucking and provide themselves with stable lactation and good nutrition. Civilized mothers need this information to prove to them the need for night feedings.
This is how a baby from Zaire will spend time, getting a breast at the first request and being most of the time in his mother's arms or sometimes with one of his closest relatives.
Mom has no fear to accustom the child to her hands and make him spoiled and dependent. Such thoughts never cross her mind. She acts just like the other women around. She knows how to deftly carry a child in her arms or tie him to her. She knows how to feed him in different positions and can do most of the housework without parting with the child. Her activities, of course, are difficult to compare with washing in a washing machine, washing dishes under a tap or in a dishwasher, cooking on the stove and dusting, but, of course, mom does not sit idle and does not just play with her child. The baby, constantly being with his mother, receives a huge amount of information, much more than his European peer, who spends time in the crib looking at toys.
About six months after birth, the baby will begin to show interest in what his mother eats. He has long begun to follow these incomprehensible actions and now, finally, he decides to try his mother's food. And mom will give him a little crumb, and then put it on her chest so that he would drink it down.
She will not puree the baby, perhaps because she does not have a food processor or sieve, and also because she has never seen a child's food grinded in any way. The child was always given very small pieces when he showed interest in food.
It does not occur to the mother of the baby to feed her baby with a certain portion instead of breastfeeding. The child learns to eat from the common table gradually, while maintaining breastfeeding. Mom does not know that milk contains enzymes that help the baby cope with new food, and giving him small pieces is necessary for the gradual adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract to adult food. This is information for civilized mothers.
When the baby is one year old, his mother will not stop breastfeeding, she does not even think about it. The baby continues to suck frequently at night, especially early in the morning, he falls asleep with his breast, he resorts to his mother when he is thirsty or needs comfort, he drinks milk when he eats with his mother.
The opportunity, if necessary, to attach to the mother's breast is a common component of the baby's lifestyle, as natural as the ability to breathe, crawl, run, play. In two or three years, the baby will no longer have such a great need for sucking and mother's milk, he will grow up and quite calmly begin to do without breastfeeding. And his mother will have a new baby, but that's another story, however, in many ways similar.
Let's summarize . What needs to be done to make breastfeeding successful and long-lasting? Here are a few basic rules that women in traditional societies follow and that moms from the civilized world have to re-learn. Recall that these rules comply with the recommendations of the World Health Organization.
- Attach the baby within the first hour after birth.
- Teach your baby how to properly latch on and how to behave at the breast.
- Attach the baby in response to his every restlessness or searching movements and do not interrupt feeding until the baby himself releases the breast.
