What do you feed a baby deer

Feeding deer.

In October, marals are transferred from the pasture to winter keeping in winter roads. Here the herd is divided into sex and age groups, and each group, in turn, into subgroups, depending on the fatness of the deer.
Daily Value feeding is established depending on fatness and taking into account biological cycles. For males, three feeding periods are established: the first period (August - September) - preparation for the rut and the rut, the males are on the best pastures and are additionally fed 1.5 kg of concentrated feed per head per day; the second period (October - December) - after the rut, the males are kept in winter houses and fed to them with 5–10 kg of coarse, 5–10 kg of succulent and 1 kg of concentrated feed; the third period (March - May) - the growth of antlers, males are fed 3-7 kg of coarse, 10-12 kg of succulent and 1-1.5 kg of concentrated feed per head per day.
For females establish two feeding periods: the first - the first half of pregnancy until February, they are fed 8 kg of coarse, 4 kg of succulent and 0.5 kg of concentrated feed per day per head; the second - the second half of pregnancy after February, females are fed 4–7 kg of coarse, 4–5 kg of succulent and 0. 5–1.5 kg of concentrated feed per head per day.

Sika deer feeding.

In winter, spotted deer are divided into two groups: one group consists of males from 2.5 years old and older and calves up to 1 year old, they are kept in reindeer herds; the second group - females and young animals older than 1 year, they are kept in parks. Livestock is placed in reindeer herds in December and the males are kept until the cutting of antlers and calves until May 15th. For males set three feeding periods: the first period (August - October) - preparation for the rut, the rut, the males are on the pasture and additionally they are fed 1.5 kg of concentrated feed per head per day; the second period (November - December) - after the rut, males are fed 2-3 kg of coarse, 5-10 kg of succulent and 1 kg of concentrated feed; the third period (April - May) - the growth of antlers, males are fed 2-3 kg of coarse, 4 kg of succulent and 1.2 kg of concentrated feed per head per day.
For females establish two feeding periods: the first period - the first half of pregnancy until February, they are fed 2–3 kg of coarse, 4–5 kg of succulent and 0. 5 kg of concentrated feed per day per head; the second period - the second half of pregnancy after February, females are fed 1.5 kg of coarse, 2 kg of succulent and 0.6 kg of concentrated feed per day per head.

Hiding among plants and bushes is a normal behavior of roes and deer. With the onset of the season of wild plants, many reached into the forest for the gifts of nature - wild garlic and ferns. Whole squadrons of pickers plow burnt areas and open glades in search of tasty and healthy vegetation. But it happens that not wild plants become their trophy, ... but newborns found in the same glades.

The fact is that in May-June, young animals appear in ungulates. Usually female roe deer give birth to two cubs, rarely one or three, and for a week the roe deer stay where they were born, hiding in the grass.

Hiding among plants and bushes

Hiding among plants and bushes is a normal behavior of roe deer and fawns. Mother always walks somewhere nearby, she comes, guards them, feeds them. In the meantime, they are dependent, they hide, so they never need to be picked up, ”this is the unequivocal opinion of all zoologists and conservationists.
We repeat, no, it is not lost or abandoned, you just happened to see a hidden roe deer, and the mother looks at you anxiously from behind a bush. It is impossible to pick up and carry away the young animals from the found place, since the parents will most likely not find their cubs in the future.

Do not touch or pet an animal - your returned mother will smell your scent and her behavior towards her own child can be arbitrarily unpredictable.

For persuasiveness, we cite as an example an excerpt from the story of Viktor Korkishko, a well-known researcher of the Far Eastern taiga, about the “rescue” of roe deer and deer.

“.. A newborn baby almost immediately gets on his feet and is soon able to walk. But it is very risky to accompany the mother everywhere - there are too many who want to eat roe meat, starting with poachers, ending with predators and even stray dogs. Therefore, the roe deer spends the first days of life alone. Mom feeds him at night, and for the day she goes to feed herself and, in case of danger, takes the enemy away from her child. This continues for several weeks, until the roe deer becomes as frisky as the mother, and can not keep up with her if danger threatens. And until that time, he lies in the grass, hiding, not moving.

In Primorye during this period there are usually endless drizzling rains with cold fogs.

Therefore, roe deer are very cold alone and some of them die in cold years. It is good if the mother gave birth to twins and the company is a brother or sister. But even in this case, they lie "below the grass, quieter than the water." Only when they are very hungry, in the late afternoon, the roe deer begin to squeak plaintively. By screaming, their mother finds them.

Danger threatens the roe deer from the most unexpected side. Often he becomes a victim of overly compassionate people who do not know the peculiarities of roe deer life. Having found a lonely roe deer, people think that the mother has abandoned him, and out of compassion they take the baby away, not knowing what pain they inflict on the mother, who watches from the bushes how her child is carried away. And having taken the cub, people most often do not know what to do with it - feeding a roe deer is a big problem. So they are trying to place the orphans in the reliable hands of the employees.”

The story of red deer rescue

Such “rescue” stories are repeated year after year. For example, during the past year, employees of the Udege Legenda park took three roe deer and one red deer from the residents for keeping in a recreational enclosure. Two roe deer were already adults, the other two cubs were fed almost from birth. Their lives were saved, but the main law of nature was violated - they did not become wild animals. They have grown too trusting of humans, they do not know what a predator is, what food is better and where to look for them at different times of the year.

Therefore, remember: As much as you would like to pet, help, save, or protect a small living creature, the best thing you can do is to leave, leaving the cub in place. And only if you are absolutely sure that the mother is dead, you can take it. Getting out of a newborn wild animal is a whole science that the park staff did not comprehend of their own free will, but managed to do it. But for those who are already faced with the need to raise a weakened deer / roe deer on their feet, we have written a short guide to nursing a deer cub in captivity.

Red deer rearing in artificial conditions

Red deer rearing in artificial conditions (personal experience of a park employee) I must say right away that my personal experience in this area is very small - we (so far) raised only one. But at the very beginning we faced a huge problem - we could not find information anywhere that would help us out. Actually, that's why I came up with the idea to write a short guide for those who still have to enter in the search engines "how to feed a red deer cub. "

First you need to determine the age of the animal

Our Yashik came to us through second hands, so only a veterinarian could reliably determine his age - 6-7 days. So, what does a red deer cub look like at a week of age:
Height at the withers: 64 cm
It still does not stand very well on its legs, they are slightly curved with the letter X. Often “cries”.
Teeth: back (if I may say so) not yet, front 8 (now Yasha is already 2 months old, but the front is gone), they are all below. 2 in the center are very large and funny: o) the rest are quite small.
Weight: 10-12 kg (but this is taking into account that he was fed incorrectly all his first week)

Understand who is in front of you

By the way, it will be useful to understand who is in front of you - a red deer or a spotted deer. They are often confused. The red deer is larger (against our 65 at the withers - 45-50 in the sika deer, weight approx. 4-6 kg). The head is large, the ears are elongated. I would compare them with the length of the nose from the tip to the eyes. The deer has a neat muzzle with VERY large round ears. Now as for the coloring. It should be noted that everyone has spots. In deer, they are located along the ridge and will come off after the first molt in October, while in spotted deer they are all over the body and will remain for life.

The red deer spot under the tail is yellow and small, not brightly outlined. In a deer, on the contrary, it is white, wider and strikingly different in color from the general background.
And now the most important thing - about feeding. Or, more accurately, breastfeeding.
Golden rule: do not overfeed.

We gave cow's milk (necessarily boiled!) with the addition of water and baby formula "Malyutka 1" (one - ie from birth).
Proportions: 1 liter of milk, 8 measuring spoons of the mixture, 0.5 liters of water. For the first 2 weeks, you need to feed 8-10 times a day, 100 g of the resulting mixture. It is better to use a bottle with a simple (not the most expensive) elongated nipple. By the way, because of the structure of the jaws, the deer did not recognize the Aventa’s nipple so respected by mothers. Of course, it is better to warm up to 36-38 degrees. You can check the temperature in the same way as for children - a drop on the bend of the elbow.

After the second week, give about 150 ml of water during the day between feedings. Once a day, we gave lightly salted (1 teaspoon without top per liter of boiled water). Now we feed 8 times a day, 250 ml each.

At the age of three weeks, the red deer was drunk with a five-day course of the probiotic Vetom-2 (I won't say why exactly "2", but that's how we were determined in the veterinary clinic). Dilute one sachet in 200 ml of water, divide in half and give twice a day one hour after feeding (so you will need 5 sachets)
Month.

At this age, you can transfer from a baby bottle to a cow bottle (for feeding calves - sold in veterinary stores). No, of course, you can continue to drink from a small one, but it will be tiring - you need to fill it several times for one meal or have 4 at once. At the same time, we began to feed Yashechka with a whole milk substitute Kormilak.

Its cost in Primorsky Krai ranges from 1900 to 2400 for a 25 kg bag. This amount is enough for about 2 months. The first days we add kormilak to cow's milk, but we cancel the infant formula (i.e. it turns out 1 liter of milk + 0.75 ml of water + 100 g of kormilak), then (well, say, on the fifth day) we give pure kormilak, i.e. . at the rate of 1:9as written on the package. I weighed a plastic container on a culinary scale, it turned out to be 200 gr, i.e. almost 2 liters of water. At the age of one to two months, his daily intake increased from 2.5 to 4 liters of formula per day, and the frequency of feeding decreased from 6 to 4 times.

• Grass. I wondered for a long time when to start feeding with grass. But everything turned out to be easier - Yashichek himself reached for the raspberries. And off we go. Most of all he liked dandelions, grapes, raspberries. Then come beets, ash leaves, currants. He also loves berries terribly: o) Honeysuckle, strawberries, currants, raspberries, irga - everything goes with a bang. At the same time, the apples directly spits out. You can give pureed vegetables as a substitute for grass.
• Faeces. Normally, he is like a goat - balls. Our pet had diarrhea at first. Wrong food - diarrhea, did not boil the bottle - diarrhea, overfed - diarrhea again. What to do. Give less food and carefully monitor the sterility of dishes.
• Dehydration on the second day of life at my home was diagnosed by a veterinarian - Yashka refused to eat, could hardly stand on his feet. He was given a dropper in the neck (do not do it without a specialist!) with saline through a butterfly 4-ku, 200 ml + half a bottle of glucose. He almost immediately got to his feet, but it was impossible to feed, it was possible to give saline in the evening and replace one meal with it the next day. In general, having a doctor in the family, on the second day we were ready to repeat the drip on our own, but, fortunately, it was not necessary. In order to prevent, see above, drink salted water daily.
• Site arrangement. Here, of course, the more the better. Yasha had to live in an open chicken pen, 3x8. The size, frankly, is not great. Net height 3.5 meters. It is necessary to make a small canopy, 1.1-1.2 m high, with a roof and without one wall - so that it can enter freely, cover the floor with hay, which needs to be changed regularly (because they defecate, most often, under themselves).
• General recommendations. The life of these small, defenseless creatures is in your hands. Therefore, it is important to decide what will happen to them when they are ready to exist on their own: do you intend to give it to the zoo / zoo / safari park or plan to release it into wildlife. The permissible frequency of contact with the animal depends on this. If he is destined for the fate of a wild beast, then do not allow strangers to approach him, i. e. he should know only those 1-2 people who care about him. But you need to remember that even with this option, it is vital for him, no matter how pathetic it may sound, closeness and warmth, a sense of security - when you feed him, do not be lazy to stroke and talk - he will soon begin to recognize your voice. If you are not going to let go into the wild, then you need to hug the first 3-4 weeks as often as possible - you yourself will see how it calms him down.

Reindeer diet.

Reindeer food depends on the season. In the summer they feed on grass, cereals and ... mice - yes, yes! Not that they are specially hunted for them, but if some frivolous mouse gapes on a tussock, the deer will grunt it along with the grass and will not even notice. And also tasty food for them - mushrooms. The peoples of the North do not eat mushrooms precisely because deer do.

So the Sami thinks: Why am I, a man, going to eat reindeer food? I'm not a deer! And there are so many mushrooms that sometimes the whole tundra around seems to be covered with a solid carpet of bright boletus caps. So deer will not be left without food in the summer.

But in winter, when there is neither grass nor mushrooms in the tundra, deer hunt moss from under the snow. This is the only food available in the winter cold. Deer have an excellent sense of smell, and they smell reindeer moss even under a meter layer of snow, and they know how to get it from this great depth. And what can you do: winter in these parts lasts nine months, so we had to adapt. They dig the snow with their front legs so deep that sometimes only one back is visible in a feeding deer.

Yagel is a lichen.

In the past, the Sámi used to keep their reindeer near their dwellings in the winter - a very small herd of three to five heads. And they prepared reindeer moss for them for the winter. In the summer it is quite simple, since you do not need to dig up plants from under the snow - you gathered an armful, put it in a shed, and let it dry for yourself. Before giving it to deer, reindeer moss was soaked in a bucket of water, and it became like fresh. And since deer love salt, salted fish heads were also thrown there. It turned out such a venison salad - reindeer moss with salted fish. Yummy!

Berry picking in the north.

And deer are also very fond of berries that grow in the tundra in swamps: cloudberries, blueberries, lingonberries, cranberries. We humans are also not averse to eating such berries, so I will tell you how they are harvested.

For harvesting cranberries and lingonberries, there are special devices similar to a scoop with a scallop. With these combs, the berry is, as it were, combed out from the bumps: r-r-time - and I have already collected a whole glass of cranberries! But cloudberries have to be picked by hand, each berry separately - it is very tender. But deer do not need all these complexities and adaptations. After all, unlike humans, they are not afraid to get stuck in a swamp and calmly walk through it, nibbling berries.

Information from the book about reindeer.

Reindeer grazing

Reindeer grazing.

Reindeer walk in the summer by themselves, and no one looks after them at all. This is called free grazing. They roam in small groups of 3-5 individuals along the seashore, where the wind drives away annoying insects from them. and nibbling young grass.

Such reindeer self-sufficiency is very convenient for a person: you don't need to look after them or feed them. And in autumn, instinct makes them go to warmer places, deep into the Kola Peninsula. So they rush to the south with trampled thrones, along their thousand-year-old routes. This is where the shepherds lie in wait for them. They know all these paths well and gradually gather deer into herds, which are driven to winter pastures. Such herds may not be very large, or they may simply be gigantic. And then their distillation to pasture is an impressive sight.

Imagine: ten thousand deer are walking, powerful snowmobiles accompany them from all sides, and helicopters fly from above. As if a whole army is on the offensive - with equipment and aircraft!

For the winter, reindeer can be placed in a large corral, or you can do without it. Then the reindeer herders constantly go around the herd and make sure that the deer do not disperse. This way of grazing is called guarding. This, of course, is because deer are guarded. And the Sami herd their most reindeer much easier. Here is a hut in the pasture in which shepherds live. Deer calmly graze nearby, extracting reindeer moss from under the snow. And the shepherds only go around the herd from time to time: they look to see if anyone has strayed.

Deer antlers

Discarded antlers - food for the inhabitants of the tundra.

All the deer in the world have large beautiful antlers only in males, and only in reindeer do females wear them.

But here's the question: if thousands of deer shed their antlers every year, why should the whole tundra be littered with them? But this, of course, is not the case. In winter, the discarded horns are eaten in the tundra by all living creatures: mice, arctic foxes. Yes, the deer themselves are not averse to nibbling their antlers, sometimes right on each other's heads! Well, what can I get lost, since they are so useful! And in the summer, tourists come to the tundra, who are also happy to pick up discarded horns. They will bring it home, hang it on the wall - it is immediately clear that the person has been in the tundra.

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B winter period lichens do not provide deer body with protein, minerals substances, vitamins. Due with that, eating in the snowy period lichens, the deer always strives eat plants that are partially or completely preserved snow in green condition. AT total stock of forage grasses preserved on pastures in winter, dominated by rags, i.e. dry brown shoots and leaves, and only 5-10% of the total supply green fodder grasses account for live green shoots. In green parts of wintering plants is preserved about 50% protein, and in rags - 35-40%. In winter, most sedges and grasses, constituting the main mass of snow reserves, contains 5-6% protein (absolutely dry matter). With sufficient providing snowy greens food for deer is preserved average fatness throughout the entire winter period.

Winter green feed includes about 80 plants, but essential for deer are only a few types: individual species of sedge, cereals, herbs and horsetail. Some sedges (water, swollen, roundish, vilyui) and cotton grass (vaginal, narrow-leaved) retain under snow up to 50% of ground organs in green condition. Deer eat and browned dry parts of these plants, and in some sedge species - and rhizomes. In those areas where cotton grasses are widespread, they make up to 90% deer diet. Young cottongrass shoots contain up to 4.5% mineral substances and up to 20% protein. In winter time nutritional value of sedge decreases, but the ash content is still sufficient great. Therefore, they are valuable as a source enrichment of the body of a deer with salts.

Cereals nutritionally superior to sedges. Their green mass is preserved under the snow by 25-30%, and aftertaste - by 50%. Highest value have a sinuous pike, a squat fescue, sheep's fescue, yellow arctoila. Only some types of forbs have quite important in the nutrition of deer in the winter time. This is a cat's paw and northern linnaeus. Rhizomes are well eaten by deer three-leaf watch and marsh cinquefoil.

Horsetails willingly eaten by deer as in green as well as in a browned state. Greatest practical value for reindeer herding how winter-green fodder has marsh horsetail and reed, as well as wintering and Komarova.

Extant the remains of green plants, although they have lower nutritional value than in summer, but compared to the main food of deer - moss - contain 3-4 times more protein, 2-3 times more minerals and richer in vitamins. Presence under the snow such plants is important because it allows you to replenish the body deer protein, minerals and vitamins.

Summer green fodder. Green plants as the main pasture food of northern deer provide the body with all the necessary nutrients and vitamins. In summer, when choosing food, deer have a wide range of plants: from 318 types of fodder reindeer plants 268, or 84%, are summer food.

Most willingly deer eat cereals, sedges, foliage shrubs - various types of willows and dwarf birch. Especially valuable for them in the feed regarding plants such as watch, mountaineer, ragwort, lagotis, astragalus, bluegrass, foxtail, reed grass, arctophila, horsetail. The most valuable are the leaves of the tundra willows and dwarf birch. deer always very picky in the choice of food. They are usually do not touch dented or broken plants, but choose and bite individual leaves and tops of stems and shoots favorite, freshest, youngest plants. From the range available on the pasture deer usually chooses those plants that are in the leafing phase throwing out shoots, budding and flowering, always preferring fresh young greens. A plant of the same species is eaten reindeer more or less willingly depending on from the phase of its development. Since spring, deer willingly they eat sedges and grasses, but after flowering, when the leaves and stems coarsen, edibility these plants is drastically reduced. autumn, when, with the onset of a cold snap, the foliage shrubs fall off. Meaning of monocots plants in the diet of deer increases again.

Shrubs. Of great importance in the diet of deer are leaves of shrubs, especially willows and birches. Leaf nutritional content shrubs represent a large fodder value. Deer eat them all the time. growing season up to leaf fall. In some areas of reindeer husbandry, the share shrub fodder accounts for up to 80% all food eaten in the summer. Willows and birches widespread in reindeer breeding areas.

By nutrition comes first willows: gray, shaggy, spear-shaped.

Grey, or gray, willow widespread in the tundra, forest-tundra and mountainous regions; forms extensive thickets in floodplains and in low places of the tundra. East from the Lena River, this willow is less common. Gray willow leaves are readily eaten by deer throughout the summer, until leaf fall, they remain tender, fall off late. Gray willow reaches 1.5 m in height, has dark brown branches with gray hairy summer shoots, leaves narrowed at both ends, entire-extreme, dense gray felt above, bluish below. Flower earrings develop later leaves.

Hairy willow , except for the Far East, found throughout river valleys along the watersheds. deer eating leaves and young shoots. Reaches 1.1 m in height, branches are thick, knotty, old - brown color, young - gray felt. blooms before the leaves bloom. Leaves usually hold on to the snow.

Spear willow - widespread shrub, found as thickets in valleys rivers (forms thickets along rivers and streams), as well as among the tundra on the watersheds. bushes reach 1.8 m in height; dark brown branches young shoots are yellowish, pubescent. The leaves are thin, with a finely serrated edge, dull green. Blooms before leaves appear.

Large importance in deer nutrition depending on from the region there are also willows such as iron, wood, loparsky, beautiful, Krylova, Sakhalin, Korean.

Leaves birches bloom later than at the willows, but they get rough earlier. As a result, in the second half growing season palatability them is reduced. birch leaves are characterized high nutrient content and minerals, while the greatest importance in the diet of deer have dwarf birch, skinny, Midendorf.

Birch dwarf often found in southern tundra and forest tundra, enters the forest zone. Widespread in Western regions of the Far North, east of Yenisei, its arrays are thinning. Leaves her fine are eaten by deer.

Mushrooms. In the regions of the Far North with pasture keeping deer is of no small importance as a feed product I have some hat mushrooms (boletus, boletus, goat, flywheel, russula, etc.). deer greedily eat mushrooms that appear in the tundra and forest-tundra from the second half summer and autumn. Even in early winter, deer dig out from under the snow dried or slimy remains of mushrooms.

Mushrooms contain significant amounts of nitrogenous substances (up to 45% of absolutely dry matter), from 9 to 17% carbohydrates and 5-10% ash. Mushrooms are rich and vitamins; they contain significant the amount of vitamin A, vitamins are found in them from group B, vitamins C, D and PP. For mushrooms high fiber content, mostly in the range of 20-30%, and mushroom fiber is poorly digested. Mushrooms contain 84 to 93% water. Mushrooms increase the digestibility of other feeds due to the high content of enzymes. The reasons deer's predilection for eating mushrooms not studied. This is supposed to be explained the presence in rough a significant amount nitrogenous substances and vitamins.

Yield mushrooms depends on weather conditions and fluctuates over the years from 10 to 100 kg/ha. More mushrooms in the taiga zone and forest-tundra, in arctic and mountain there are fewer of them in the tundra.

Concentrated stern. Deer eat various grains foods rich in carbohydrates (cereal grains). With success, you can feed oats to deer, barley, corn and other cereal grains crushed or crushed. Deer willingly eat grain products bran, rye flour, crackers, baked bread etc. Digestibility and nutritional value grain feed for deer on average not have significant differences compared to with other farm animals.

Good eaten and used by northern deer animal feed - fish and meat and bone meal. Especially deer willingly eat fishmeal, which more often than other feeds it is used for top dressing.

Fish flour is highly valued in reindeer herding because she is local feed and contains in a small volume all missing in the winter pasture forage elements needed for food. Feeding with fishmeal stimulates the eating of reindeer moss. Nutritious the dignity of fishmeal for deer is assessed at 75-80 feed units. per 100 kg of feed, with the content 43-45% digestible protein.

Suitable use to feed deer meat and bone meal prepared in areas of development of marine fishery of the Magadan region from waste zhirotopny production, meat and bones sea ​​animal.

For deer feeding can be used and compound feed. Horse feeding compound feed leads to rapid decrease in deer performance, because his body is not adapted to the digestion of this type of feed; chewing gum and stomach activity (rumen) when fed with this compound feed are violated. The deer is forced more often and chewing coarse parts of food longer, which stay longer in the stomach. When feeding mixed fodder, the deer requires about twice as much drinking water (up to 3-4 liters per day) than when feeding reindeer moss. Adding 1kg feed per 2kg reindeer moss provides complete nutrition deer and does not cause disruption digestive tract.

Nutrient the dignity of compound feed is assessed for deer at 60-66 feed units per 100kg of feed, i.e. it is somewhat lower than according to tabular data for others farm animals.

Concentrated feed matters for feeding riding reindeer during periods of tense transport work. deer fast get used to eating concentrates, especially for fishmeal.

Coarse stern. Hay is eaten by deer significantly worse than fresh green fodder. When giving deer eat plenty of hay a day about 0.3-0.5 kg, in rare cases up to 1 kg. eatability hay depends on its botanical composition and cleaning times. Deer prefer small grass hay from legumes, cereals and herbs, harvested no later than the flowering period. The reason for the poor eating of hay by deer lies in the inability of his stomach to the processing of large masses of dry rough fodder. Deer do not eat hay cut better than hay, leaving a lot of food in the remnants, but hay flour is eaten completely.

Nutrient the dignity of hay for deer is assessed 40-50 feed units per 100 kg of feed, and willow leaf hay 74 feed units in the presence of 5-8% digestible protein.

B mixtures with reindeer moss digestibility and nutritional value of hay rise somewhat.

B as roughage with success birch brooms can be used and willows. Deer willingly eat brooms, harvested at the end of June-July. Dry them in the shade, store in germs. Per head per day give 0.3-0.5 kg.

Mineral stern. When fed with reindeer moss and consumed snow instead of drinking water, the deer often mineral starvation occurs. That's why mineral supplements are needed. In some areas (Karelian ASSR) insufficiency mineral nutrition causes winter disease of 7-8 month old calves - appears weakness and then paralysis of the hind limbs.

Dacha salt, ash with the addition of trace elements (copper sulfate and cobalt chloride) prevents disease.

From mineral feed the greatest value have salt and bone meal. Salt is essential give to all deer in winter, during the feeding period lichen food. Adding salt improves deer appetite, makes them search for grazing more intensively feed. When fertilizing with salt, it slightly increases digestibility of lichen food and digestibility of nitrogenous substances. Eventually deer receiving table salt in winter usually remain satisfactory by spring fatness, and the pregnant uterus gives stronger, normally developed offspring.

Salt fed to deer in a hammer form (table salt) or rock salt (lick). Can be used brine - the brine that remains after salting fish. The brine contains nitrogenous substances. He's being frozen and set in the form of blocks, which animals lick. Deer should be given salt at the rate of at least 5-6g per head per day. At a minimum, salt should be given during the most difficult pasture period - from February to May.

Description of work

Reindeer get their own food in the harsh conditions of the Arctic, where snow cover makes access to food difficult, and the nutritional characteristics of food do not always satisfy the needs of the body. This is the reason for the specialization of nutrition according to the seasons on those feeds in which at other times there are no fats, vitamins and salts, as well as the reason for sharp fluctuations in the size of muscle mass and the content of salts and vitamins in the body. Having subjugated the reindeer, man took care of satisfying his needs. The better a person knew them, the more successfully he bred deer and received more products. The folk school of reindeer husbandry is largely the science of how to feed the reindeer. In this direction, she has accumulated a number of observations that are also of theoretical interest

Contents

Introduction…………..…………………………………………………3 …………………..4
Nutrient requirements………………7
Nutritional assessment. Feed digestibility……..8
Feed characteristics……………………………….…10
Conclusion………………………………………………….……19
List Literature………………………………….………...20

Beautiful, graceful, graceful and intelligent animals - reindeer - live in the northern polar latitudes. Reindeer food is not available everywhere, so they have to spend a lot of time and effort looking for it. Deer are able to walk hundreds of kilometers in summer - to the north, and in winter - to the south, in order to feed themselves and their offspring.

We will try to find out together with you what main and pasture food saves animals from starvation in the harsh conditions of cold latitudes in summer and winter.

Deer feeding habits

Unfamiliar with the natural conditions of the tundra, it may seem that the natural world of this region is very poor. This is not so, therefore, large animals, the basis of the diet of which is plant food, manage to provide themselves with everything they need on their own.

Their main food in summer is leaves of willow, dwarf birch, and other plants, as well as grass and berries. It has been noticed that deer are picky about greens - they will not eat wilted branches with dry leaves, but will choose young and juicy leaves. They even eat mice. Deer do not specifically hunt for them, but if a mouse gapes, it will most likely be eaten along with a bunch of juicy grass. Deer graze in groups of three to five individuals where there is lush grass - most often on the sea coast.

In autumn, deer find cotton grass, cloudberries, fallen acorns, and sorrel. Mushrooms are considered a favorite delicacy of reindeer. Most they find right away, but in order to feast on flywheels, in early winter they have to dig up the snow.

In winter, when there is neither grass nor mushrooms, animals feed on reindeer moss, digging snow up to a meter thick with their hooves, they find lichens and eat them up to ten kilograms a day. In addition to reindeer reindeer, they eat lichens from branches and tree trunks with pleasure, drinking sea water and eating algae. So that such a monotonous diet does not lead to vitamin deficiency in winter, because the winter period here lasts almost nine months, deer are given bone meal, table salt and other feeds that satisfy their needs for vitamins, minerals and microelements.

For free-ranging animals, finding salt sometimes becomes a real problem, therefore, in order to find shale emissions, deer go on many kilometers of wandering.

Yagel is an amazing plant that grows in most of the natural tundra zone. This is a soft moss of light color, it sometimes grows in height up to 40 centimeters. It grows slowly, so pastures are quickly eaten up and herds of deer roam again and again in search of food. It is thanks to its chemical composition that deer do not get sick, and endure the harsh winter cold.

Animals can gnaw their discarded horns, which is not considered something out of the ordinary. Moss moss does not satisfy the body's needs for protein and salt, so animals eat lemmings, bird eggs and even their chicks.

Feeding reindeer kept in paddocks

Representatives of northern peoples keep deer as pets, so they worry about what animals will eat in winter. They prepare reindeer reindeer moss in the summer and store it in dry sheds. Before giving it to an animal, the reindeer moss is soaked in water, then it becomes juicy, as if it had just been plucked. Sometimes salted fish heads are added to reindeer moss, deer love such a platter.

Since meadow grass is getting smaller every year, animals are given wheat, straw, bran, black bread and other products that replace meadow delicacy.

Reindeer have adapted to the natural conditions of cold latitudes and feeding on lichens, therefore they live in places where others, except for the musk ox, cannot live. Every year, beautiful and noble animals are becoming less and less, due to the deterioration of the environmental situation, their living conditions are changing, which negatively affects their health and immunity. The number of individuals is also affected by poaching and uncontrolled hunting.

Northern peoples owe much of their existence to reindeer, so they have learned to live in peace and harmony with them.

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Russian reindeer feeding experience. "I breastfeed the deer because he is like my own baby" How can you feed the deer in the zoo

Beautiful, graceful, graceful and intelligent animals - reindeer - live in the northern polar latitudes. Reindeer food is not available everywhere, so they have to spend a lot of time and effort looking for it. Deer are able to walk hundreds of kilometers in summer - to the north, and in winter - to the south, in order to feed themselves and their offspring.

We will try to find out together with you what main and pasture food saves animals from starvation in the harsh conditions of cold latitudes in summer and winter.

Deer feeding habits

Unfamiliar with the natural conditions of the tundra, it may seem that the natural world of this region is very poor. This is not so, therefore, large animals, the basis of the diet of which is plant food, manage to provide themselves with everything they need on their own.

Their main food in summer is leaves of willow, dwarf birch, and other plants, as well as grass and berries. It has been noticed that deer are picky about greens - they will not eat wilted branches with dry leaves, but will choose young and juicy leaves. They even eat mice. Deer do not specifically hunt for them, but if a mouse gapes, it will most likely be eaten along with a bunch of juicy grass. Deer graze in groups of three to five individuals where there is lush grass - most often on the sea coast.

In autumn, deer find cotton grass, cloudberries, fallen acorns, and sorrel. Mushrooms are considered a favorite delicacy of reindeer. Most they find right away, but in order to feast on flywheels, in early winter they have to dig up the snow.

In winter, when there is neither grass nor mushrooms, animals feed on reindeer moss, digging snow up to a meter thick with their hooves, they find lichens and eat them up to ten kilograms a day. In addition to reindeer reindeer, they eat lichens from branches and tree trunks with pleasure, drinking sea water and eating algae. So that such a monotonous diet does not lead to vitamin deficiency in winter, because the winter period here lasts almost nine months, deer are given bone meal, table salt and other feeds that satisfy their needs for vitamins, minerals and microelements.

For free-ranging animals, finding salt sometimes becomes a real problem, therefore, in order to find shale emissions, deer go on many kilometers of wandering.

Yagel is an amazing plant that grows in most of the natural tundra zone. This is a soft moss of light color, it sometimes grows in height up to 40 centimeters. It grows slowly, so pastures are quickly eaten up and herds of deer roam again and again in search of food. It is thanks to its chemical composition that deer do not get sick, and endure the harsh winter cold.

Animals can gnaw their discarded horns, which is not considered something out of the ordinary. Moss moss does not satisfy the body's needs for protein and salt, so animals eat lemmings, bird eggs and even their chicks.

Feeding reindeer kept in paddocks

Representatives of northern peoples keep deer as pets, so they worry about what animals will eat in winter. They prepare reindeer reindeer moss in the summer and store it in dry sheds. Before giving it to an animal, the reindeer moss is soaked in water, then it becomes juicy, as if it had just been plucked. Sometimes salted fish heads are added to reindeer moss, deer love such a platter.

Since meadow grass is getting smaller every year, animals are given wheat, straw, bran, black bread and other products that replace meadow delicacy.

Reindeer have adapted to the natural conditions of cold latitudes and feeding on lichens, therefore they live in places where others, except for the musk ox, cannot live. Every year, beautiful and noble animals are becoming less and less, due to the deterioration of the environmental situation, their living conditions are changing, which negatively affects their health and immunity. The number of individuals is also affected by poaching and uncontrolled hunting.

Northern peoples owe much of their existence to reindeer, so they have learned to live in peace and harmony with them.

The most important thing in reindeer farming is feeding. I have already written repeatedly that the red deer is less demanding on the variety of food than the cow, but very demanding on quality and quantity.
The biggest mistake I have seen with other farmers is dividing into small paddocks. In a small space, animals, they say, are better controlled and driven from paddock to paddock, but here we are faced with another problem - a trampled field. On the project in Smolenskaya, my boss was of a mathematical mind, and how could he (or maybe not bad) hammered in me his view of things. I decided to digitize the reindeer, digitize their livelihoods, this is useful for me and was familiar to the management.
Here's what I got: In a large paddock, the grass left much more slowly than in a small one. Pure proportion - X sq. m area per 1 deer for 1 day, it was not possible to display. For 7.5 ha it was 17.4, and for 2 ha it was 25. All because the deer trampled down part of the field. After all, there is a concept - the living and total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe apartment, for a small paddock, the percentage of area under the beds and trails was noticeably higher. And hence the lack of feed and poor condition for the breeding period. If you do not feed, then our animals will approach the autumn mating thin and emaciated, and this is a minus for reproduction, and if you feed, then we get into another problem. Deer are wild animals and will eat as long as there is food, especially such a good one as compound feed. I calculated the dose incorrectly, and females will come to mating with obesity, and this is also minutes for reproduction. Therefore, every reindeer breeder should strive to keep his livestock on natural feeding as long as possible, this is physiologically correct and economically feasible. The area of ​​feeding pens must be calculated taking into account the amount and value of the grass cover, the amount of precipitation, soil structure, geography, and many other factors. After talking with other reindeer herders, I came to the conclusion that for a normal meadow in the Middle Strip, paddocks should be 6-8 hectares. You don't need more, you don't need less. Have 4 pieces of small paddocks of 1.5-2 hectares for various zootechnical purposes.

That is why every respectful reindeer breeder must determine externally, I would even say from afar, the condition of his animals and correct it in time so that by September it fits in perfect condition, otherwise we will lose in calves.

I give you a sign from the site, maybe someone will come in handy. Notice how thin the line is between Good and Very Good Condition.
So, autumn has come, we have coped and the second stage of feeding has begun.
We need to deceive the deer, they, like any females, including the human race, will never become pregnant if they do not have a guarantee of a good apartment and the opportunity to feed a baby deer. We need to deceive the females, to do this, make them think that everything will be fine. Avoid crowding and abundant feeding. In autumn, the grass is not the same, so we add silage / haylage and grain to the diet. Here you don’t have to worry too much about overfeeding - you won’t get particularly fat in the fall, especially with such physical exertion that the male experiences (I will not show porn videos a second time) , but still don't overdo it. After all, a deer is a herbivore and an excessive amount of concentrated feed causes acidosis and death of the animal. The normal dose is considered to be 1-1.5 kg per adult deer and 0.5-0.75 kg per calf, depending on the quality of the feed and the ambient temperature.
We put a family of deer (20-25 females per male) for an area of ​​2 hectares, so small paddocks came in handy. For industrial breeding, where the accuracy of whose calf and from whom is no longer important, then we put one hundred females and 4-5 males on 8 hectares, naturally without horns.

Food

The distinguishing feature of the reindeer is the ability digest the carbohydrate part of lichens by 80-90%, while other ungulates absorb no more than 40 - 50%. Yagels are high-calorie, rich in carbohydrates, but contain little protein, vitamins and minerals, and nutritionally worth at the level of concentrated feed used for livestock. Compensation missing substances is carried out by eating other plants and snow greens, animal feed, mushrooms, gnawed horns and bones, eating marine emissions.

The diet of the reindeer changes dramatically with the seasons. Spring especially greedily deer eat cereals and sedges, leaves are often used later various species willows and dwarf birches. Summer deer eat about 300 plant species. The vast majority of these are green plants: by weight they occupy 70-80% of all food in the stomach; lichens same - only 10 - 15%, the rest is lei and other forbs. autumn in the value of lichens noticeably increases in the diet. In stomach contents green plants occupy 30-50% of all food. Among other foods, they willingly eat mushrooms, even dig them out from under the snow. For mushrooms mountain deer descend even from the loaches into the forest belt. Lichens in winter are in a row areas as the main food and in the stomach, by weight, it takes up to 70% of all food, the rest is occupied by the remains of green plants preserved under the snow, mosses and other impurities. Animals detect reindeer moss under the snow by smell. In the tundra, they dig up snow up to 75-80 cm thick with their front legs and muzzle, and loose snow in forests - up to 1. 5 m.

With such a diet, deer experience protein-mineral starvation, in connection with which they greedily eat snow moistened with urine people and dogs, and, if possible, try to eat animal feed origin (e.g. small rodents), destroy bird nests with eggs, drink sea ​​water and eat washed ashore kelp. In summer, reindeer are not pay attention to urine, by lemmings eat willingly. In the diet wild deer in Taimyr, lichens are of subordinate importance, and the basis of fodder funds are wintering higher plants.

The number of reindeer is limited not by summer, but by winter pastures. Without prejudice to the restoration of reindeer moss in winter, it can feed itself at 4-5 times less deer than in the same area in summer. In summer, one deer needs 4-6 hectares, on average 3.2 hectares per head, and in winter 12-18 hectares, per year 18-24 hectares of pastures.

During the day in summer, a deer eats 11-22 kg of green mass (2. 8-5 kg of dry matter), in winter - 8-14 kg of raw food. That is, winter consumption food and energy is about a third less than in summer, which occurs mainly during by reducing activity, slowing metabolic rate and using fat as a reserve source of energy.

For deer, the lack of water in food is no less noticeable than lack of food. If you feed deer with sodium salt in winter, they lose weight quickly: in an effort to quench their thirst, they eat snow in large quantities, devoid of salts, as a result, they spend a lot of energy on its melting. Need in winter in lichens is determined not only by their nutritional value, but also high content of water in them (up to 70-80%). Deer can do without lichens where there are many wet snowy plants: horsetails and winter green grasses, containing a lot of water, vitamins, proteins and trace elements. summer share lichens is minimal, as they dry out and are almost devoid of moisture.

Reproduction

Reindeer reach sexual maturity in autumn in the second year of life and continue to breed until about 20 years of age, but already from 10-12 years age, many females begin to degrade the ovaries. Total duration life is about 25 years.

Reindeer herd. Photo: Sondrekv

The rut starts from mid-September-early October until the end October-mid-November. In the arctic tundra earlier than in the south of Siberia. Most a noticeable sign of the approach of the rut is the formation of mixed herds. By this time deer are ending their molt. The horns are ossified and cleaned of velvet. Fatness animals is close to the maximum. In places of concentration of animals appear peeled bushes and "points" with urine on the ground. Males acquire strong specific odor secreted by the secretion of the anal gland. Sound animal signals resemble a series of short snores.

Reindeer are polygamous, i.e. male per breeding season covers several coats (3-13), forming "harems". In groups animals up to 10 individuals there is one bull, in larger ones - several. males fight each other in front of the female. In the absence of a female, there are no fights between males. happens. Skirmishes between bulls are ritual in nature. The males keep the females they eat little and lose up to 20% of body weight, by the end of the rut they become weak and are no longer able to resist male subdominants. After the rut, the males separate from the herd and kept separately. Calves do not leave their mothers during the rut.

The female is in heat for about 3 days and repeats 2-4 times after 11-22 days. The duration of pregnancy is 219-238 (from 192 to 246) days. Calving happens in May-June, a frequent period of migration, when in many places there is still snow. One calf is born, twins are rare. Mother intense licking cub, which contributes to the drying of the body and reduces the possibility of its frostbite or freezing.

For the first few hours after birth, the mother, next to whom there is a deer, continuously makes quiet hoarse sounds - "croaks", so that the cub remembers her voice and later finds the mother by it, that is communication in the family is supported by sound signals.

The fecundity of young females is lower than that of adults. barrenness small: under good feeding conditions it does not exceed 2-3% and only on poor pastures reaches 30-40%. In general, the fertility level of female reindeer lower than that of elk and roe deer, and more consistent with that of noble and spotted deer.

time after calving, while males lose their horns at the beginning of winter. Newborn the calf weighs 5-6 kg. He can on the same day get on his feet and mix for mother. The mother finds the stray calf by its voice and identifies it by smell. AT the first week of life, the calf is able to swim across the river. At the age of one month molting of the juvenile cover begins and ends in 3-4 weeks. Lactation lasts about 6 months (until winter).

In calves, the horns are in the form of knitting needles bent forward. hardening and cleansing of the horns in September-October, shedding in April-May. On the 2nd year of life horns with corolla and anterior process. The formation of the dental system ends by the age of three. By this age, males reach full growth, and by 5-6 years - full development.



Recommended perennial crops sown outside the enclosure are mowed annually just before flowering and then once or twice more. After the first mowing, it is desirable to feed non-pure legume and alfalfa herbage with nitrogen fertilizers (60-80 kg/ha), which will increase their yield and the amount of crude protein. The last cutting can be carried out after the first frosts, keeping the forage moist in small piles under sheds in feeding grounds or in sunny glades, where it thaws in the thaw or early spring.

The sooner the hay is dried, the higher its quality. The most common method of field drying of herbs in loose form is the most irrational and leads to the greatest loss of nutrients. The stalks of legumes need to be flattened, which speeds up the drying of the mowed mass by 1.5-2 times, and the loss of nutrients is reduced by 15-20%. With repeated drying after rain, a sharp decrease in the quality of hay occurs: the amount and digestibility of protein, sugar and starch are reduced by 4-5, fat - by 2 times. Noteworthy is the technology of harvesting loose hay with a moisture content of 25-30% with treatment with anhydrous ammonia (10-15 kg / t), which prevents stacks from self-heating, increases the protein content and helps to preserve the crop from rodents.

A more advanced technology - pressing hay with a moisture content of 20-25% from swaths into bales, rolls or rolls wrapped with polyethylene film, which allows you to save nutritional value, significantly improves the digestibility of crude protein and reduces the cost of feed by about 20-30%. This technology is widely used in agriculture in Western European countries and in our advanced farms.

Loose, baled or rolled hay is best stored in sheds and under sheds, in the worst case, in haystacks with a bed of slug. It should be noted that with open access to feed, wild boars can destroy tons of oat or oat-vetch-pea straw, alfalfa, goat's rue or rapeseed hay in a few days and leave deer without food. Therefore, when deer and wild boar are kept together, high-quality hay should be stored only in closed sheds or outside the enclosure.

Hay should not be stocked in typical roofed nursery troughs commonly recommended for deer in all hunting publications. They are small-sized, very time-consuming to maintain, the hay in them quickly weathers, turns white, loses the last moisture, and ungulates, roe deer in particular, do not eat such food. In any case, it is more expedient to lay out hay from storages on snow. In the thaw, it will become more humid and, accordingly, more attractive and useful for ungulates.

Ropes, twine, twine and wire should not be in the hay, otherwise they tangle the animal's legs, cutting into the skin to the bone, or hang on the horns, which leads to the death of the animal caught on the tree. There should also be no polyethylene, which ungulates often eat, getting intestinal volvulus. Another, more expensive way is high-temperature drying of crushed herbaceous crops or woody pulp from waste from cutting sites for the production of grass and wood flour, chaff, granules, briquettes and feed mixtures in AVM-type units, which ensures maximum preservation, digestibility and assimilation of nutrients and vitamins, significantly increases the productivity of animals, simplifies the process of distribution of feed and ensures high economic efficiency. Herbal flour from goat's rue and rapeseed "00" exceeds grain crops by almost 1.5 times in protein content, and 2.5-3 times in the amount of mineral substances. Alfalfa granules with special mineral additives and biologically active substances are the main food of deer and wild boar on many North American and European ranches. The industrial production of this feed in Russia promises considerable benefits for farmers and businessmen.

When given a choice, all wild ungulates prefer more moist protein (from leguminous grasses) food - haylage (45-60% water) and non-acidic silage (65-85% water). In terms of nutritional value, these feeds are close to the green mass of grasses. The best silage is obtained from a mixture of crops: sunflower with peas, vetch or corn, oats with peas or corn, corn with soybeans or peas. Haylage and grain haylage are often prepared from oats or barley with the addition of vetch, peas and sunflower. The main preservative factor that ensures the preservation of plant mass during hermetic storage is carbon dioxide (CO2). The technology of haylage and ensiling is relatively simple and well-established in agriculture. Shredded (3-4 cm) green mass in silo and haylage trenches and mounds, treated with chemical or biological preservatives, is carefully compacted and immediately covered on all sides with a polymer film to isolate it from air and precipitation.

It is preferable to place haylage and silo storages inside the aviary. In this case, the animals will feed directly from trenches or mounds, in which the food does not freeze even in severe frosts due to the heat generated. It is important at the same time to prevent the animals from opening the feed from above and from the sides, which usually leads to its freezing, contamination with excrement and spoilage. Succulent feed imported from outside (haylage, silage, root and tuber crops), laid out in small piles on feeding grounds in winter, usually freezes heavily and becomes inedible. It is preferable to lay out such food in small portions only in the thaw or in spring in places well warmed by the sun. Juicy food largely contributes to the gradual transition of ungulates from winter food to green spring food. Therefore, in a severely frosty period, the diet of animals should be hay, in a slightly frosty period - mixed, in the spring period - mainly haylage and silage.

Concentrated feed (grain, grain mixtures, grain waste, waste from flour-grinding, baking, starch, sugar, brewing industries, etc.) are rich in protein and readily eaten by ungulates. Grain and any grain mixtures, however, cannot fully satisfy the needs of animals for essential nutrients. They need a variety of feeds and micro-additives in various combinations and ratios in the composition of compound feeds. The biological usefulness of the latter is usually achieved through the introduction of premixes (1-5% by weight of compound feed), which include synthetic preparations of vitamins, amino acids and enzymes, mineral salts, antibiotics, antioxidants, natural minerals, immunomodulators and other biologically active substances that contribute to prevention of diseases associated with a lack of vitamins and microelements, normalizing metabolism and energy, increasing feed digestibility and animal productivity. Along with compound feeds, the feed industry produces protein-vitamin concentrate (PVK), which is added to grain mixtures from 25 to 50%, and protein-vitamin-mineral supplements (BVMD), which are usually added to compound feed up to 25-35% by weight. They cannot be used in their pure form (for more details on feeds and biologically active feed additives for animals, see: Mukhina et al., 2008).

Domestic compound feeds and premixes are specially designed for all types of poultry and game birds, pigs of all ages, cattle, horses, sheep and goats, herbivorous and carnivorous fur animals, laboratory and pets, dogs and domestic reindeer. Wild ungulates have been left out of technological progress, and there is also a vast field of activity for technologists and businessmen.

Grain should be fed to ungulates (but not stored!) in a crushed or flattened form - this way it is much better digested by the body. They eat mixed feed, bran, flour, cake and meal willingly and in large quantities, which often leads to blockage of the esophagus, cessation of chewing gum and belching, swelling of the scar and death of animals. Therefore, it is better to give these feeds in small portions mixed with silage, haylage and chopped root crops or after soaking them for 3-4 hours in cold water, which prevents the feed from swelling in the stomach. Complete feed mixtures prepared during haylage, ensiling or immediately before feeding are the most useful and promising in farming.

Concentrated foods are laid out for animals in feeders and on feeding tables raised above the ground to the height of their chest, or on snow to increase moisture. It should be taken into account, however, that wild boars can eat part of the reindeer food: they stand on their hind legs, rest against the edge of the feeder with their front legs, reach for food or drop it to the ground with their snouts.

All feed should be not only high-calorie, but also of high quality. Their quality is usually determined by smell and color. Hay should be green and fragrant. Good-quality silage smells like pickled apples. A musty and putrid smell, the presence of mold, gray, brownish or brown color of hay, haylage, silage and grain feed are obvious signs of their unsuitability.

Feeding of ungulates in hunting parks should be regular and plentiful throughout the entire autumn-winter and early spring period, and in case of their high density - almost all year round. For one roe deer, about 1.5 kg of succulent, 0.2 kg of concentrated feed and about 1 kg of high quality hay per day are required. The diet of sika and red deer in maral and reindeer farms usually consists of 1.5-2 kg of high-quality hay, 2-6 kg of silage and 0.3-1 kg of concentrated feed with free water provided all year round, and its structure is not the same in seasons years (Table 4). With a shortage of natural food and on severely frosty days, the calculation rate is almost doubled. In winter, one deer needs about 10-13 q of coarse, 12-15 q of juicy and about 2-2.5 q of concentrated feed, sika deer and fallow deer, respectively, about 6, 8 and 1.5-2 q, roe deer - a little less, as they are more picky about food and leave a significant part of the food laid out in the feeders. It is less labor-intensive to lay out a double portion every other day, but in severe frosts you have to feed the animals daily. Animals usually go to the feeders twice a day - in the morning and in the evening, but hungry - at any time of the day.

In trophy farms, during the period of horn growth, males significantly increase the proportion of concentrated feed: crushed oats, wheat and barley, as well as corn and mixed feed with biologically active feed additives, bran, cake and meal - up to 0.5-0.7 kg per day for one roe deer and up to 1.2-2 kg per individual for different types of deer and fallow deer. It will not be superfluous at this time to add bone, meat and bone and fish meal, feed precipitate, monocalcium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, crushed chalk and feed mineral complex additives (DKMK) to the feed. It would be very nice if our feed industry mastered the production of special concentrates for "trophy" animals. Females need an increased rate of concentrates in the last two months of pregnancy.

With high-quality, plentiful and balanced nutrition, rapid growth of young animals, high fertility of females and the cultivation of good offspring are guaranteed, and males will have powerful antlers, which has been proven by many years of antler reindeer breeding. Boar feeding. This ungulate needs specific protein food (in nature - earthworms, insects, animal carrion, cereals and legumes, fruits), which ensures the maximum accumulation of fat reserves. In hunting and farming farms, grain waste or grain of oats, barley, wheat and rye, as well as corn, peas, sunflowers, lupins, potatoes, beets, carrots, Jerusalem artichoke, apples, pears, acorns, beech nuts, compound feed, cake are usually laid out for wild boar. , various wastes of food enterprises, meat and bone meal. With such an assortment, it will be very useful for the farmer to have close friendship with the heads of grain elevators and various food enterprises. Often such food is brought into enclosures and left in heaps in the open air, which leads to its spoilage. Wild pigs, despite their omnivorous nature, do not eat all the feed offered to them, but, as practice shows, only benign, highly nutritious and mostly moist. In most cases, animals that have a well-developed instinct for self-preservation do not approach spoiled food until they have the opportunity to find another. In hunger, they eat such food, but the consequences can be sad for both animals and farmers. Cases of poisoning and death of wild boars, especially underyearlings, with poor-quality food are recorded everywhere.

It should also be noted that wild pigs are very cautious about any new feed and, even when hungry, do not immediately eat it. Sometimes they ignore Jerusalem artichoke or grain feed for weeks if it contains a large proportion of vetch seeds. They do not immediately eat silage, especially corn silage. Carrots, cabbage and turnips are eaten by them poorly, in a crushed form - more willingly.

Whole grains must be crushed before placing in the feeders. As our experiments show, its digestibility by a wild boar in this case increases by almost a third, and the farmer, accordingly, does not “throw out” a third of the feed into manure! Wild boar's favorite food is corn and peas. Potatoes are also considered the best food, although this is not entirely true. They are rich in carbohydrates, but contain little protein, so this food can only be regarded as "supportive". In all respects, Jerusalem artichoke is much more valuable.

Wheat, barley, soybeans, oats, vetch-pea-oat mixture, grain and leguminous mixtures of crops, mowed at the stage of milky-wax ripeness, dried and stored in piles and piles - is also a good and, most importantly, relatively cheap fodder. The transportation of unthreshed stacks, stacked on drags (cut branched trees) to the winter shelters of animals in enclosures, can become one of the main methods of feeding. Wild boars also willingly eat stacks of alfalfa and green rapeseed, mowed after a frost and stored in heaps on feeding grounds.

A wonderful product for animals (but so far expensive for a farmer) is a granular compound feed intended for fattening domestic pigs to fat conditions. It is preferable to put grain feed and compound feed in strong, long and stable wooden or metal troughs or on platforms made of boards built on the ground, which prevents food from trampling into the mud and reduces the risk of helminth infection, and in winter it is better to pour the feed in small portions on the snow to increase humidity . Part of the food remains in the snow, however, as it melts, all the food will be eaten. To avoid competition for food and fights leading to injury, it is desirable to spread the food as wide as possible. Separate feeding grounds are arranged for underyearlings, fenced from the penetration of adults, which will ensure their food supply, significantly reduce injuries and make it possible to carry out deworming. In the case of a joint keeping of a wild boar and a red deer, the feeding grounds for the former will also have to be fenced off, since the deer dominate, quickly eat the food and at the same time shit in the troughs.

Estimated period of feeding wild pigs in hunting farms - 70-165 days depending on climatic conditions, daily laying rate - 1-3 kg per head, depending on the type of feed and the severity of winters. The annual feeding rate in Zavidovo is 100-110 kg of potatoes and about 7 kg of peas per individual, which is not enough in snowy winters. In January - March, the calculation rate is increased to 2-3. 5 kg per animal. In Belovezhskaya Pushcha and in the Berezinsky Reserve, from 0.5 (November) to 2-4 kg (until March) is spread per animal per day. On frosty days, the daily ration is increased to 3-4 kg per individual. In fact, in natural conditions during the snowy period, each wild boar requires at least 300-500 kg of high-quality top dressing. In open-air cages with a large number of livestock and a shortage of natural feed, each wild boar needs at least 1 ton of feed per year, which is very noticeable for a farmer's wallet. Otherwise, the animals will die.

Red deer rearing in artificial conditions

I must say right away that my personal experience in this area is not very great - we (so far) have raised only one red deer baby. But at the very beginning we faced a huge problem - we could not find information anywhere that would help us out. Actually, that's why I came up with the idea to write a short guide for those who still have to enter in the search engines "how to feed a red deer cub. "

First you need to determine the age animals. Our Yashik came to us through second hands, so only a veterinarian could reliably determine his age - 6-7 days. So, what does a wapiti cub look like at a week of age:

Height at withers: 64 cm

Still not very well on his feet, they are slightly curved in the shape of an X. He often “cries”.

Teeth: back (if I may say so) not yet, front 8 (now Yasha is already 2 months old, but the front is gone), they are all below. 2 in the center are very large and funny: o) the rest are quite small.

Weight: 10-12 kg (but this is taking into account that he was fed incorrectly throughout his first week)

By the way, it would be useful to understand who is in front of you - deer or spotted deer. They are often confused. The red deer is larger (against our 65 at the withers - 45-50 in the spotted deer, weight approx. 4-6 kg). The head is large, the ears are elongated. I would compare them with the length of the nose from the tip to the eyes. The deer has a neat muzzle with VERY large round ears. Now as for the coloring. It should be noted that everyone has spots. In deer, they are located along the ridge and will come off after the first molt in October, while in spotted deer they are all over the body and will remain for life.

The red deer spot under the tail is yellow and small, not brightly outlined. In a deer, on the contrary, it is white, wider and strikingly different in color from the general background.

And now the most important thing - about feeding. Or is it more correct to say breastfeeding .

Golden rule: don't overfeed. Feeding and red deer and deer represents a fractional supply of milk. We gave cow's milk (necessarily boiled!) With the addition of water and infant formula "Malyutka 1" (one - that is, from birth).

Proportions: 1 liter of milk, 8 scoops of mixture, 0. 5 liters of water. For the first 2 weeks, you need to feed 8-10 times a day, 100 g of the resulting mixture. It is better to use a bottle with a simple (not the most expensive) elongated nipple. By the way, because of the structure of the jaws, the deer didn’t recognize the pacifier so respected by Aventa mothers. Of course, it’s better to warm up to 36-38 degrees. You can check the temperature in the same way as for children - with a drop on the bend of the elbow. , between feed leniya, give about 150 ml of water. Once a day we gave lightly salted (1 tea naya spoon without top per liter of boiled water). To Ormi now 8 times a day, 250 ml.

At the age of three weeks, a red deer was drunk with a five-day course of the Vetom-2 probiotic (I won’t say why exactly “2”, but that’s how we were determined in the veterinary clinic). Dilute one sachet in 200 ml of water, divide in half and give twice a day one hour after feeding (so you will need 5 sachets)

Month. At this age, you can transfer from a baby bottle to a cow bottle (for feeding calves - sold in veterinary stores). No, of course, you can continue to drink from a small one, but it will be tiring - you need to fill it several times for one meal or have 4 at once. Its cost in Primorsky Krai ranges from 1900 to 2400 for a 25 kg bag. This amount is enough for about 2 months. The first days we add kormilak to cow's milk, but we cancel the infant formula (i.e. it turns out 1 liter of milk + 0.75 ml of water + 100 g of kormilak), then (well, say, on the fifth day) we give pure kormilak, i.e. . at the rate of 1:9, as written on the package. I weighed a plastic container on a culinary scale, it turned out to be 200 gr, i.e. almost 2 liters of water. At the age of one to two months, his daily intake increased from 2.5 to 4 liters of formula per day, and the frequency of feeding decreased from 6 to 4 times.

Grass . I wondered for a long time when to start feeding with grass. But everything turned out to be easier - Yashichek himself reached for the raspberries. And off we go. Most of all he liked dandelions, grapes, raspberries.
Then come beets, ash leaves, currants. He also loves berries terribly: o) Honeysuckle, strawberries, currants, raspberries, irga - everything goes with a bang. At the same time, the apples directly spits out. You can give pureed vegetables as a substitute for grass.

Faeces. Normally, he is like a goat - balls. Our pet had diarrhea at first. Wrong food - diarrhea, did not boil the bottle - diarrhea, overfed - diarrhea again. What to do. Give less food and carefully monitor the sterility of dishes.

Dehydration on the second day of life at my house, the veterinarian determined us - Yashka refused to eat, could hardly stand on his feet. He was given a dropper in the neck (do not do it without a specialist!) with saline through a butterfly 4-ku, 200 ml + half a bottle of glucose. He almost immediately got to his feet, but it was impossible to feed, it was possible to give saline in the evening and replace one meal with it the next day. In general, having a doctor in the family, on the second day we were ready to repeat the drip on our own, but, fortunately, it was not necessary. In order to prevent, see above, drink salted water daily.

Arrangement places. Here, of course, the more the better. Yasha had to live in an open chicken pen, 3x8. The size, frankly, is not great. Net height 3.5 meters. It is necessary to make a small canopy, 1.1-1.2 m high, with a roof and without one wall - so that it can enter freely, cover the floor with hay, which needs to be changed regularly (because they defecate, most often, under themselves).

General recommendations. The life of these small, defenseless creatures is in your hands. Therefore, it is important to decide what will happen to them when they are ready to exist on their own: do you intend to give it to the zoo / zoo / safari park or plan to release it into wildlife. The permissible frequency of contact with the animal depends on this.

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