Food allergy on baby face

Does My Baby Have A Food Allergy Rash?

What is a food allergy rash, and what causes it? How do you know if your child has a food allergy rash? How to manage a food allergy rash, and how long does it usually last? We’ll cover everything families need to know about food allergy rashes in this definitive guide.

In our parent's guide to food allergy rashes, we'll answer the following most asked questions:

What is a food allergy rash, and what causes it?
How do you know if your child has a food allergy rash?
What are the symptoms of a mild, moderate or severe allergic reaction?
Where can food allergy rashes appear?
How to manage a food allergy rash, and how long does it usually last?
How do you test for a food allergy?
How do you introduce allergens safely?

We’ll cover everything families need to know about food allergy rashes in this definitive guide.

What is a Food Allergy?

Normally, our immune systems protect our bodies from viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders that could harm us.

But when someone has a food allergy, their immune system mistakenly treats the proteins in a certain food (or foods) like these foreign invaders, and over-defends the body against these proteins. Their immune system makes special antibodies --- specific IgE antibodies --- that detect the food proteins and help fight them off.

These IgE antibodies trigger symptoms of an allergic reaction whenever the person eats a food they are allergic to. For example, if someone is allergic to peanut, they have IgE antibodies that detect and fight off peanut proteins, and that trigger allergic reaction symptoms (including a possible food allergy rash) whenever they eat peanuts.

Types of Food Allergic Reactions - Mild, Moderate, and Severe

Food allergy reactions can range from mild to severe, and can sometimes be life-threatening. Keep in mind, though, that a mild reaction can sometimes become severe. Also, symptoms of a food allergy reaction can vary from reaction to reaction. So, it’s impossible to predict what symptoms your child will develop each time they have an allergic reaction to food.

Symptoms of a food allergy reaction usually occur seconds to minutes after someone eats a food they’re allergic to, and almost always occur within a few hours of eating the food.

Symptoms of a mild or moderate allergic reaction may include:

A food allergy rash concentrated in one area of the body (red, raised bumps)
Redness in an area of the skin
Vomiting
Swelling of the face, eyes or lips
Itchiness
Itchy, watery eyes
Congestion
Sneezing
Some stomach pain
Some nausea
Mild coughing
Worsening eczema

Symptoms of a severe food allergy reaction may include:

A food allergy rash that spreads to many areas the body
Swelling of the tongue
Swelling or tightness of the throat
Repeated, significant coughing
Wheezing/noisy breathing
Difficulty breathing /shortness of breath
Change in voice or cry
Struggling to vocalize
Difficulty swallowing
Repeated vomiting
Pale appearance
Diarrhea
Dizziness
Fainting
Drop in blood pressure
Rapid heartbeat
Loss of consciousness
Feeling floppy (infants/young children only)

Signs Of Anaphylaxis

When the symptoms of a food allergy reaction are severe and involve more than one organ system, the reaction is classified as anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening. Call 911, and give epinephrine (use an Epi-Pen) immediately, if your child shows signs of anaphylaxis.

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) provides more information on food allergy symptoms and management:

All About Food Allergy Rashes

A food allergy rash is the most common symptom of a food allergic reaction, especially in babies and children. It is also often the first symptom to appear (but not always). It could appear anywhere on the skin.

What does a food allergy rash look like?

A food allergy rash is raised, very itchy, and usually red or pink. It creates red, raised bumps on the skin. These bumps are usually rounded, and often have red flares around them. They are usually called hives, but are sometimes called wheals, urticaria or nettle rash.

In people with darker skin, a food allergy rash will also appear as raised, itchy bumps. But often, the bumps do not appear red at all, and instead have the same color as the person’s skin is normally. You also probably won’t see red flares around the bumps. (In some cases, a food allergy rash may still have a subtle red hue, or a darker red hue, when it appears on a person with brown or Black skin.)

Why do food allergies cause a rash?

When someone eats a food they’re allergic to, their IgE antibodies detect the proteins from that food. The IgE antibodies prime tissue cells (called mast cells) and blood cells to release a chemical called histamine, and other chemicals, as a way to defend against those proteins.

When the histamine and other chemicals get released, this causes blood vessels to widen (dilate) and become leaky. Fluids get released under the skin as a result, leading to inflammation under the skin. This leads to the raised food allergy rash on the skin.

Where can food allergy rashes appear?

Food allergy rashes can be concentrated in one or two areas of the body, or can spread throughout the body.

Places that food allergy rashes often appear include the face, arms, hands, legs, feet, stomach area, and back. But they could appear anywhere on the skin.

Each individual bump (wheal) from the rash can be as small as a few millimeters or as large as several inches across.

But a rash area may be much larger, because food allergy rash usually appears as batches or clusters of bumps. And someone could develop multiple rash areas at a time.

If a food allergy rash is concentrated in one area, the food allergy reaction is mild. But if the rash spreads to many areas of the body, this is a sign of a severe allergic reaction.

How long does a food allergy rash last?

Like other food allergy symptoms, a food allergy rash can appear seconds to hours after someone eats a food they're allergic to.

A food allergy rash usually lasts for several hours after food allergy reaction symptoms first appear. Sometimes, it can last for up to 24-48 hours.

Do all food allergy reactions produce a raised rash?

Even though food allergy rashes are a common allergy symptom, they may not appear during every food allergy reaction. Sometimes, a food allergy can turn areas of the skin red and/or itchy, but won’t produce the raised food allergy rash (hives).

Also, a food allergy rash is different from the rash that eczema causes. But food allergies can make eczema rashes worse (cause eczema to flare up). Learn the differences between a food allergy rash and an eczema flare-up here.

How to Manage a Food Allergy Rash

If your child develops any food allergy rash (or any other food allergy symptoms), immediately stop feeding them the food that you believe was the cause of the reaction.

The other steps in managing a food allergy rash vary depending on how severe the allergic reaction is.

Managing a Mild Food Allergy Rash

How to manage mild food allergy rashes, concentrated in small clusters on one area of the body?

If a doctor has explicitly recommended a dosage of antihistamine, you can give your child the antihistamine (such as Benadryl or Zyrtec) to treat mild hives. Antihistamine helps stop the release of the histamine that triggered the rash, in the case of a mild or moderate allergic reaction.

If your doctor hasn’t recommended a dosage of antihistamine, call your pediatrician or allergist to alert them about the hives, and ask about next steps.

Either way, continue to monitor your child in case their mild allergic reaction turns severe.

Hydrocortisone cream may also help to relieve the itchiness of the rash, although it won’t make the rash go away.

Managing a Severe Food Allergy Rash

If your child develops a significant food allergy rash all over their body, but no other symptoms of a food allergy reaction, call your doctor immediately.

Continue to monitor your child for other symptoms of a food allergy reaction, because if other severe symptoms emerge, your child will have anaphylaxis. If you have epinephrine (an Epi-Pen), give your child an injection. An antihistamine will not be able to stop this severe, widespread rash.

If your child develops a food allergy rash all over their body, and it’s accompanied by severe symptoms in at least one other organ system, your child is experiencing life-threatening anaphylaxis and needs emergency assistance.

Inject epinephrine (an Epi-Pen) immediately, and call 911. Epinephrine is the only medicine that can stop anaphylaxis --- antihistamines cannot stop this severe reaction.

A Note About Food Allergic Reactions and Children

Many people wonder about the differences between food allergy reactions in children vs. adults.

Food allergy rash is one of the most common food allergy symptoms in children and adults. The way it appears in every age group is also largely the same. In fact, food allergies generally cause the same set of symptoms in children as they do in adults.

But even though food allergies cause similar symptoms across all age groups, the most common types of food allergies are different in children vs. adults.

In young children (5 years of age and younger), cow’s milk, egg, and peanut allergies are the most common food allergies. According to one study by Dr. Ruchi Gupta, these three foods are responsible for around 80% of food allergies in young children.

In addition to milk, egg, and peanut allergies, tree nut allergies are also very common in children age 14 and under.

Out of these four food types, peanut and tree nut allergies are most responsible for severe reactions in children, but any food has the potential to cause a severe reaction.

In contrast, the most common food allergy in adults is shellfish allergy, which is largely an adult allergy. Finned fish allergies are another common adult allergy --- and finned fish allergies also tend to develop in adulthood.

Check out our previous article for more on food allergies in children vs. adults.

Food Allergy Testing

If your child develops a rash after they eat a certain food, and it looks similar to the food allergy rash we’ve described above, remember that food allergy testing is the only way to determine whether your child truly has a food allergy. So, it’s best to make an appointment with an allergist for testing.

Food allergies can be diagnosed through three types of tests: a skin prick test, a blood test, and an oral food challenge.

A skin prick test: An allergist pricks your child’s forearm with a needle containing food protein from the suspected problem food. Then, they monitor your child to see if an allergic reaction develops around the area where their skin was pricked.

A blood test: An allergist checks your child’s blood for IgE antibodies that respond to certain food proteins.

An oral food challenge: Your child eats small amounts of the suspected problem food under an allergist’s supervision, to see if they develop an allergic reaction. This is the most accurate way to diagnose a food allergy.

Introducing Allergens Safely

New clinical guidelines recommend introducing babies to common allergy-causing foods during their first year of life, as a way to help them safely enjoy these foods in the future.

As the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommends in their new dietary guidelines, “Potentially allergenic foods (e.g., peanuts, egg, cow milk products, tree nuts, wheat... and soy) should be introduced when other complementary foods are introduced to an infant’s diet.”

Ready, Set, Food! can help you easily and safely introduce these common allergy-causing foods to baby, following the new clinical guidelines. And since the first two stages of our system fully dissolve into a bottle of breastmilk or formula, you can start introducing your baby to peanut, egg, and milk as early as 4 months of age, even before they’re ready for solids.

All health-related content on this website is for informational purposes only and does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always seek the advice of your own pediatrician in connection with any questions regarding your baby’s health.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

See the FDA Peanut Allergy Qualified Health Claim at the bottom of our homepage.

Does My Baby Have a Food Allergy Rash? — Prevent Food Allergies

Managing Food Allergies

Jun 21

Written By Jannie Huang

Do you think your baby’s rash may be caused by a food allergy? Let’s look at how to identify and treat a food allergy rash.

What is a Food Allergy Rash?

A food allergy rash is a rash that is caused by an overreaction of our immune systems to a particular food. Our immune systems are there to protect us from bacteria, viruses, and other invasions that can cause sickness. As is the case with other types of allergies, a food allergy occurs when the body reacts to an otherwise harmless item, wreaking havoc in our systems. With food allergies, the IgE antibodies overreact to a particular food(s), and a rash is often the first symptom to form.

How do IgE Antibodies Cause a Rash?

IgE antibodies detect the food and release histamine into the bloodstream to offer protection from the otherwise harmless food. In the process, blood vessels widen and release fluid which causes inflammation under the skin. A raised rash is the result, leaving the baby uncomfortable and the parents wondering what caused it and where to go from here.

Identifying a Food Allergy Rash

One of the most common signs your baby may have a food allergy is a rash that appears shortly after eating the offending food. It is often the first symptom to appear, the most common symptom of a food allergy, and can appear anywhere on the skin.

A food allergy often presents itself in the form of hives. Food allergy rashes often are concentrated in a couple areas on the body but can spread to other areas, especially in the case of a more severe food allergy. The individual bumps are often small in size, but they cluster together to form larger areas that may look like one larger rash.

In some cases, a food allergy can cause the skin to become red and inflamed without actually causing an actual raised rash. Food allergies can also cause eczema to become worse. Though worsening eczema is not a rash, it is important to watch this type of symptom closely since it is often associated with food allergies.

Though a rash may be the only symptom, one of the best ways to identify food allergy rashes is to pay attention to other signs that might accompany them. These signs will almost always occur within a few hours of eating the food. If you notice any of the following symptoms, along with a rash, contact your doctor to help determine if a food allergy might be the cause.

Mild Food Allergy Symptoms

Nausea and vomiting
Swelling
Sneezing
Congestion
Stomach pain
Itchy, watery eyes
Coughing
Worsening eczema

Swelling of the tongue
Tightness of the throat
Coughing
Wheezing
Difficulty breathing
Shortness of breath
Paleness of skin
Fainting
Rapid heartbeat
Loss of consciousness

Anaphylaxis

Anaphylactic reactions are rare in babies under the age of one, but it is good to be aware of the symptoms. Anaphylaxis is a swift, intense allergic reaction that is life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. If you notice any of the following symptoms in your child, seek medical help right away:

Difficulty breathing
Shortness of breath
Swelling of the tongue
Widespread hives, covering a large part of the body
Wheezing
Pale appearance
Fainting
Rapid heartbeat
Persistent coughing

How to Treat a Food Allergy Rash

A food allergy rash actually doesn’t last very long, oftentimes clearing up in less than 48 hours. It is important to keep track of what your baby ate prior to the rash forming so that you can revisit your list should another rash appear later. You may also want to start a food journal and continue to keep track of what your child eats in the coming weeks and months. This can help you determine if there are other allergies.

Even though rashes often go away on their own, they can be itchy and uncomfortable. Thankfully, there are some things that can provide relief.

Treating a Mild Food Allergy Rash

If your baby has a small rash that is confined to one area of his body and you suspect it was caused by food, you are most likely dealing with a mild food allergy. One of the best ways to treat a rash is with an antihistamine. Antihistamines block the histamine response, which helps clear up the rash. Be sure to ask your doctor about types and dosage before administering antihistamines to your baby.

You can also apply hydrocortisone cream to the area which will help relieve the itchiness. Hydrocortisone cream will not cause the rash to go away but can provide some relief.

Continue to monitor your baby in case the mild reaction turns severe.

Treating a Severe Food Allergy Rash

If your baby develops a widespread rash all over his body shortly after eating, you should call your doctor immediately. He could be experiencing an allergic reaction that can become life threatening if not treated right away. Continue to monitor your baby as you make your way to your doctor so you can inform the staff of other symptoms.

More About Food Allergies

Food allergies can develop at any time, though it is more rare to develop a food allergy late in life. Usually, they are detected early in childhood, when the child reacts to a certain food. As noted previously, often the first sign of a food allergy is a rash. If you suspect your child has developed a rash as a result of a food allergy, you may want to learn more about allergies and how to proceed safely.

Learn more from the Mayo Clinic on food allergic reactions:

YouTube Video: Mayo Clinic Minute: What happens to your body when you're allergic to food?

Allergies in Children vs in Adults

Both adults and children alike develop food allergies, though what they become allergic to often varies. Children are more likely to be allergic to cow’s milk, eggs, and peanuts, or tree nuts whereas the most common food allergens for adults is shellfish and finned fish. In either case, both adults and children are likely to develop a rash after eating an offending food.

Peanut and tree nut allergies are more likely to cause serious reactions than the other allergies, but any allergy can become severe at any time.

Getting Tested for Food Allergies

The only way to determine if your child’s rash was caused by a food allergy is to make an appointment to undergo food allergy testing. Once you have talked to your doctor about possible causes for the rash and applied any acute medical care needed, you should make an appointment for your child to get tested for food allergies. There are a few ways this is done. You and your doctor will work together to determine the best testing for your child.

Oral Food Challenge

In this method of diagnosing a food allergy, your doctor will give your baby a small amount of the suspected food and watch him closely to see if he develops an allergic reaction. An oral food challenge is a safe, accurate method when used under the direct supervision of a doctor. This is the most accurate way to determine a true food allergy.

Skin Prick Test

During this test, your doctor will prick your child’s skin with the suspected allergen and watch to see if a rash develops around the area. Since a food allergy rash is often the first symptom of an allergy, this is a fairly accurate way to see if your child is allergic to a specific food.

Blood Test

When your child undergoes blood testing for allergies, your doctor will check for IgE antibodies in the blood. The presence of these antibodies will indicate an allergy to a specific food or variety of foods.

The Bottom Line

If your child develops a rash shortly after eating, you should take note of the suspected food and stop feeding to your child right away. You may want to start a food journal to monitor your child’s food intake and any potential rashes or other symptoms that might arise.

If the rash is mild and limited to one small part of the child’s body, you can treat it with antihistamines or with topical hydrocortisone cream after first discussing treatment options and dosages with your child’s doctor. If your child develops a major rash that is widespread, you should contact your doctor immediately and watch for signs of anaphylaxis.

Talking to your doctor about the rash is important both in the treatment of the rash and in discovering the cause. If you and your doctor think a food may be the cause of your child’s rash, you should continue to keep the suspected food away from your child and schedule allergy testing. There are a few different tests your doctor may use to determine if your child has a food allergy

Discovering your child has a food allergy can be a scary time for parents, but there are many ways to manage food allergies in children. Learning more about food allergies, their causes, signs, and symptoms, and management are all ways parents can be prepared.

--------------------------------

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

See the FDA Peanut Allergy Qualified Health Claim at the bottom of our homepage.

Jannie Huang

Food allergies in children - symptoms, treatments, diet its individual components. What are its causes, what are the risk factors, and what food to choose in case of an allergic reaction - read in this material.

Food allergy symptoms

The causes of food intolerance are related to the fact that the immune system "incorrectly" recognizes them as potentially dangerous, and produces protective antibodies in excess. Excessively violent reaction leads to the fact that the child develops an allergy to certain types of food. ^1.3

Symptoms of food allergy in children are different. But most often, food allergies manifest themselves on the part of the skin - itching, a feeling of tightness and dryness. Local swelling may occur on the skin, a rash (urticaria), redness, blisters may appear. In second place in terms of frequency of manifestation - reactions from the respiratory system. Runny nose, nasal congestion, sore throat, cough of varying intensity. Also, reactions from the organs of the gastrointestinal tract can indicate food allergies. A very young child begins to be disturbed by colic, dyspepsia, stool disorders from diarrhea to constipation. Older children complain of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, a feeling of scratching in the throat, behind the sternum.

Do not forget about the general symptoms of food allergies: the child becomes lethargic, capricious, sleeps poorly, does worse in school (or psycho-emotional development), is prone to daytime sleepiness. ^2.3

Causes of food allergies

Newborns and young children, if predisposed, may suffer from allergies due to their physiological characteristics. The fact is that a child is born with an immature gastrointestinal tract, the intestinal walls are permeable to many substances, the enzyme system is still imperfect. Therefore, it is difficult for the body to cope with the digestion of proteins. The body seems to be in a state of constant "combat readiness" and the ingestion of even a small amount of allergens leads to a response from the immune system and the development of a violent allergic reaction. ^1.2

In older children, many internal and external conditions become risk factors. For example, heredity - after all, if one of the child's parents suffered from an allergic disease, then with a high degree of probability the child will also be given a tendency to it. Unfavorable environmental factors influence - polluted atmosphere, car exhausts, lack of green plants in cities. Very often, a violation of the immune system in the form of an allergic reaction occurs in children with a labile, mobile psyche, with sharp transitions from friendliness and calmness to crying and back. Finally, bad habits, both in children and mothers during pregnancy, become an important factor. This is incorrectly introduced complementary foods and early introduction of potentially allergenic foods into the child's diet: citrus fruits, nuts, chocolate, berries, honey, and, of course, the habit of children to eat only something tasty (usually unhealthy; chocolate, carbonated drinks, fast food ) ^2,3,4

List of products that provoke allergies

Due to the extreme individuality of the immune system, it is almost impossible to predict its reaction. However, there is a rough list of foods classified into groups depending on their allergenicity - that is, the ability to cause a sharp reaction from the immune system and allergy symptoms. It is important to remember that it is not necessary that any product from the first column will cause a reaction. Like any low allergenic product, in some cases, it can cause an overreaction to it. ^2,3,4

Examples of the most typical exoallergens

Highly allergenic products	Foods of average allergenicity	Low Allergy Products
all citrus fruits, strawberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, pineapples.	peaches, cranberries, lingonberries, cherries, blueberries, black currants.	pears, gooseberries, dried apricots, plums, white currants, apples and pears.
carrots, tomatoes, bell peppers, radishes.	potatoes, beets, peppers, peas, corn.	broccoli, green peas, zucchini, squash, white and cauliflower, cucumbers, pumpkin.
eggs, sausages and sausages, chicken, sea fish.	beef, rabbit, pork.	lamb.
whole cow's milk, cheeses, yoghurts with additives.		fermented milk products.
wheat, rye.	buckwheat, oats, rice, peas, beans.	barley, millet.
coffee, cocoa, chocolate, nuts, honey.		xylitol, fructose
mushrooms, carbonated drinks, packaged juices.		vegetable oil.

Diagnosis established

The diagnosis of this allergy, as well as the search for the causes that caused it, requires a careful and serious approach on the part of parents. The younger the child, the easier it is to find foods that cause illness. For this, two conditions must be met.

The first thing is to put a child or mother on a hypoallergenic diet if she is breastfeeding - a detailed nutrition plan will be helped by an allergist together with a pediatrician. Please note that during an exacerbation, the diet will be extremely strict, the so-called elimination diet - aimed at removing the allergen and reaction products to it with the complete elimination of potential and cross allergens. The duration of such a diet is determined by the doctor. When the exacerbation fades, the diet gradually expands due to safe foods. ^3.4

And the second is to start keeping a special food diary in which to record everything that was eaten and drunk by the child during the day, as well as what was prepared and how. At the first sign of an allergic reaction, suspicious foods should be eliminated one at a time (or from the mother's diet if the baby is breastfed). After elimination, within a few days, it is worth observing the reaction, if the manifestations of allergies decrease, then the product is really not suitable for the child - it should be avoided. If the child is very small, then the diary is kept according to the opposite principle: all foods that are introduced as complementary foods are recorded in it. The name of the product, the quantity, the time of eating and the reactions of the body are recorded over the next few days (the attending physician will determine the specific timing of observation). Next, the doctor will need to check and confirm the preliminary diagnosis by conducting special tests and analyzes.

Emergency measures for food allergies

First, you need to assess the severity of the manifestations of food allergies.

For any symptoms, the first step is to avoid contact with a specific familiar allergen or any suspicious food or drink.

If the symptoms of allergy are mild - itching, redness of the skin, then you can give the child an antihistamine, which was previously recommended by the doctor for such cases. In addition, you must also call the local pediatrician and carefully monitor the condition of the child.

In case of obvious or possible signs of deterioration, call an ambulance. Signs that you should pay close attention to and immediately dial 03 include spreading rash and redness, increased itching, fever, drowsiness and lethargy, vomiting and nausea, refusal to drink water, difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness and pallor .

For general symptoms, in which it is difficult to understand whether they are associated with allergies or not, and which may indicate a developing serious condition, an ambulance should be called immediately if the child has any difficulty or changes in breathing, shortness of breath, cough, croup, vote. If pains in the abdomen began, extensive swelling, redness, itchy skin areas appeared. There is dizziness, fainting, as well as changes in the pulse - slowing or increased heart rate. ^1,3,4

How to treat a food allergy in a child

Treatment depends on the stage of the allergic reaction process. With an exacerbation, antihistamines are prescribed that block histamine receptors, hormonal drugs. For skin manifestations of allergies, local preparations are used: creams, powders, etc. Respiratory reactions are treated with inhalation drugs and physiotherapy.

how it manifests itself, causes, recommendations for treatment and prevention

According to WHO, 17. 3% of infants and young children have a history of food allergy symptoms. The prevalence of confirmed disease in children in this age group ranges from 6 to 8%, in adolescents - from 2 to 4%[1]. And these numbers are steadily growing. Many mothers are surprised: the child does not eat anything harmful, and his body responds to fresh and high-quality foods with a rash, reddening of the skin and other unpleasant symptoms. Why this happens and how you can help if the child has a food allergy, we tell in the article.

So what is a food allergy? And why can some children eat any food without consequences, while for someone even a small chocolate bar can cause a whole “bouquet” of unwanted reactions?

Note

Despite the prevalence of the disease, there is no official diagnosis of food allergy. It is expected that in 2019 it will be included in the International Classification of Diseases by the World Health Organization[2] .

The Russian Union of Pediatricians defines food allergy as a pathological reaction of the body to food, which is based on immune mechanisms. Simply put, the child’s immune system, for some reason, suddenly perceives this or that protein or other substance contained in food, not as a useful component of it, but as something extremely dangerous for the body and immediately begins to develop protective antibodies against it.

Food allergies can manifest themselves in different ways, and each child's age has its own symptoms. Its very first manifestation is atopic dermatitis, that is, changes in the skin. It is expressed in redness of the skin around the mouth or anus of the baby and is accompanied by itching. Even with careful care of the child's skin, persistent diaper rash appears on it. As the allergen acts, small bubbles appear on the skin, which then merge and burst, and crusts form in their place. These skin lesions can occur in a variety of places, but are most common on the lips, mouth, neck, or face.

But not only the skin reacts to the action of the "harmful product". With the further influence of the allergen on the body, the child often develops disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, expressed in frequent regurgitation, bloating. The stool becomes liquid and may contain mucus, or, conversely, frequent constipation occurs. The baby's mood deteriorates, he is naughty, he may refuse to eat. Colic occurs relatively rarely, but there are also cases of pronounced colic with severe pain that prevents the child from leading a normal life. Vomiting may occur immediately after a meal or within the next two to three hours, and the vomit usually contains a large amount of undigested food.

Food allergies sometimes become chronic as the child grows. The area of skin lesions increases, new areas with rashes appear, which are very itchy, and damage to the skin with nails or foreign objects leads to secondary infection.

It is very important for all mothers to know that food allergy can lead not only to the mentioned manifestations, but also to the development of dysbiosis, as well as other serious disorders, including Quincke's edema and even anaphylactic shock, which already threaten the life of the child. The group of particular risk includes boys from one to one and a half years, in whom, according to researchers, anaphylaxis occurs in about 5% of cases [3].

Looking for the causes of allergies

How does a food allergy start? At the very first contact with the allergen in the body of a child, the so-called sensitization occurs - the immune system remembers the allergen as a dangerous "stranger". And with any repeated use of a product containing this allergen, it begins to actively fight it - an allergic reaction appears. In infants, the occurrence of allergies is also associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of their digestive system. In very young children, the activity of digestive enzymes is usually reduced, and there is also a low level of IgA antibodies that protect the gastrointestinal tract from infections - this leads to the rapid transport of the allergen into the child's blood.

It is very important for any mother, including a future mother, to know that food allergies are often inherited: if one of the parents suffers from allergies, then the chance of developing it in the baby will be approximately 37%, and if both, the risk will increase to 60% .

In addition to a genetic predisposition, allergies can be caused by maternal smoking during gestation, fetal hypoxia during childbirth or during pregnancy.

During fetal development, an allergy to certain types of food can also form because a pregnant woman violates the diet, eating, for example, an excess amount of foods with a high degree of allergenicity: nuts, citrus fruits, fish, chocolate, eggs and etc. In this case, sensitization occurs in the child before birth. Antibodies can also be transmitted with milk during breastfeeding if the mother did not adhere to the correct diet at that time.

At risk are premature babies and babies formula-fed with cow's milk. Milk protein is one of the so-called big eight most allergenic foods. According to statistics, the peak of food allergy to cow's milk protein occurs in the first year of life - approximately 2-3%. By the age of five, a child with an allergy can develop tolerance, and the incidence drops to 1% [4].

In addition to cow's milk, the group of food provocateurs also includes bakery products containing gluten (gluten), chicken eggs, fish and seafood, nuts, peanuts and soy[5]. Of course, it would never occur to anyone to feed the baby with boiled eggs or fish, but soy or wheat flour, egg powder may well be part of other products. That is why it is very important to read the information on the labels carefully, especially for parents of children with allergies!

If the mother is breastfeeding, the risk of allergies is quite low. The period of introduction of complementary foods is critical - in some babies, replacing mother's milk with unusual food or even too much of it in the first complementary foods can cause a sharp allergic reaction. So, new foods should be introduced into the child’s diet literally one at a time, starting with the minimum portions and carefully observing the reaction of the body. By the way, the appearance of a food allergy in a baby to a particular product may be accompanied by an increase in sensitivity to other substances, for example, to cosmetics used by the mother, to flower pollen, and so on.

Attentive parents usually quickly notice a direct link between the introduction of a new product into the baby's diet and the onset of food allergy symptoms. But there are often cases when it is very difficult to identify the allergen on your own and only an allergist-immunologist can help.

Treatment and prevention of food allergies in children

Therapy of food allergies in a child should begin with limiting the use of food provocateurs. If the mother feeds the baby only with breast milk, then a restrictive diet is prescribed for her. It is important to consider all ways to avoid accidental ingestion of an allergen product and inform parents of potential cross-reactions. The diet should be complete, able to provide both the mother and the child with all the necessary nutrients and vitamins.

For an allergic child, complementary foods are undesirable until six months and, as we have already said, it is necessary to introduce new foods in small doses and gradually, one at a time. Cow's milk, wheat, nuts, chicken eggs are introduced into the diet of such a child only after two years.

Pediatricians recommend second-generation antihistamines for allergy symptoms. However, their long-term use for prevention purposes is undesirable. To combat inflammation and itching of the skin, therapy is carried out taking into account pathological changes in the skin and the characteristics of the general well-being of the child. The goal of such treatment should be not only the relief of unpleasant manifestations, but also the restoration of the barrier function of the skin, its water-lipid layer. Proper regular skin care for the baby is also very important - it should become the same everyday duty for the mother as feeding or bathing.

It is very important to remember that the condition of the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in the treatment of allergies in very young children. If the baby has irregular bowel movements, constipation or diarrhea, severe and frequent colic, the presence of undigested food particles in the feces, it is urgent to inform the attending physician about this - perhaps he will prescribe a course of prebiotics and probiotics.